L O L I T A
You find the text of Lolita here
in Russian, here
Lolita, by Heinz von Lichberg, here
Lolita- other articles, here
N Z Z Online
September 2005, Neue Zürcher Zeitung
Neues zur «Ur-Lolita»
Michael Maar führt elegant den Indizienprozess
Ulrich M. Schmid
Michael Maar: Lolita und der deutsche Leutnant. Suhrkamp- Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005. 100 S., Fr. 27.10.
Im März 2004 überraschte der Literaturkritiker Michael Maar die Nabokov-Fangemeinde mit einem Fund: 1916 hatte der drittklassige Autor Heinz von Lichberg eine schwülstige Novelle unter dem Titel «Lolita» veröffentlicht. Die Handlung liest sich wie eine Zusammenfassung von Nabokovs Erfolgsroman von 1955: In Alicante verfällt ein reifer Mann einem jungen Mädchen, das Lolita heisst. Aufgrund der frappierenden Ähnlichkeit von Titel, Plot und Name der Protagonistin entwickelte Maar eine «Kryptomnesie»-These: Nabokov habe Lichbergs Text während seiner Berliner Zeit zur Kenntnis genommen, später vergessen und schliesslich unbewusst wieder aufgegriffen.
Nabokov-Experten reagierten damals skeptisch auf Maars Sicht der Dinge. Mittlerweile hat Maar seine Interpretation zu einer schmalen Monographie ausgearbeitet, die auch einen Nachdruck von Lichbergs «Lolita» enthält. Maar präsentiert nun eine Reihe von Textstellen, die sogar eine bewusste Anspielung auf Lichbergs Novelle nahe legen. In Nabokovs Roman erinnert sich Humbert beim Anblick der badenden Lolita an die «spanische Tochter eines Aristokraten mit wuchtiger Kinnlade» - es ist durchaus möglich, dass der listige Meister in diesem scheinbar blinden Motiv eine Fährte zum Nationalsozialisten von Lichberg und seinem literarischen Kind aus dem Jahr 1916 gelegt hat. Dasselbe gilt für Nabokovs Drehbuch zum eigenen Roman: Lolita wird in einer Regieanweisung «kleine Gioconda» genannt - Heinz von Lichbergs Novelle erschien in einem Erzählband mit dem Titel «Die verfluchte Gioconda».
Überdies verweist Maar mit «Atomit» auf ein weiteres Prosastück aus der Feder von Lichbergs, das die Handlung von Nabokovs Drama «Walzers Erfindung» vorwegnimmt - auch der Familienname «Walzer» taucht bereits in der Lichberg-«Lolita» auf. Schliesslich zählt Maar eine Reihe von Namen aus Nabokovs späteren Werken auf, in denen der deutsche «Lolita»-Autor klanglich umspielt wird: Osberg, von Borg, Dalberg. Nabokov gilt als Liebhaber solcher Mystifikationen: Ursprünglich sollte «Lolita» unter einem Pseudonym erscheinen, weil Probleme mit dem prüden amerikanischen Sittengesetz absehbar waren. Allerdings sicherte sich der Autor eine geheime Präsenz in seinem Text, indem er eine Frau mit dem anagrammatischen Namen Vivian Darkbloom auftreten liess.
In seiner knappen Darstellung legt Michael Maar ein Kabinettstück literarischer Spürarbeit vor, die allerdings einen offenen Schluss hat. Der schlagende Beweis einer direkten Verbindung zwischen Lichberg und Nabokov steht noch aus, gleichwohl gelingt es Maar, einen Indizienprozess zu führen, in dem sich das Zufällige in Wahrscheinliches verwandelt.
The TLS n.º 5345, September 9, 2005
Commentary
What happened to Sally Horner?
A real-life source to Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita
ALEXANDER DOLININ
In his preface to The Annotated Lolita, Alfred Appel wrote: “Lolita is surely the most allusive and linguistically playful novel in English since Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939)”. Ever since Lolita was published, fifty years ago this month, critics have spent much effort and learning to explicate the hundreds of allusions, identify concealed quotations and parodic echoes, and pinpoint possible sources for Vladimir Nabokov’s novel. This exciting and productive paper-chase very rarely, however, goes beyond literature to the real world that Nabokov explored no less attentively than poetry and fiction. In an interview (published in Strong Opinions, 1973). he once said:
A creative writer must study carefully the works of his rivals, including the Almighty. He must possess the unborn capacity not only of recombining but of recreating the given world. In order to do this adequately, avoiding duplication of labor, the artist should know the given world. Imagination without knowledge leads no farther than the back yard of primitive art.
Working on Lolita , Nabokov, as his biographer Brian Boyd writes, “undertook research of all kinds” and, in particular,
noted newspaper reports of accidents, sex crimes and killings: “a middle-aged morals offender” who abducted fifteen-year-old Sally Horner from New Jersey and kept her for twenty-one months as his “cross country slave”, until she was found to a southern California motel; G. Edward Grammar’s ineptly staged murder of his wife in a poorly faked motor accident …
But what Boyd seems to overlook is that Nabokov not only noted these newspaper reports to search of details but implanted them into Lolita in a most peculiar way.
Humbert Humbert actually refers to the two cases mentioned by Boyd in the same chapter, when he describes his visit to Ramsdale after having met pregnant Dolly Schiller. First, near Charlotte’s grave he addresses G. Edward Grammar,
a thirty five-year-old New York office manager who had just been arrayed [sic] on a charge of murdering his thirty-three-year old wife, Dorothy. Bidding for the perfect crime, Ed had bludgeoned his wife and put her into a car. The case carne to light when two county policemen on patrol saw Mrs. Grammar’s new big blue Chrysler, an anniversary present from her husband, speeding crazily down a hill, just inside their jurisdiction (God bless our good cops!). The car sideswiped a pole, ran up an embankment covered with heard grass, wild strawberry and cinquefoil, and overturned. The wheels were still gently spinning in the mellow sunlight when the officers removed Mrs. G’s body. It appeared to be a routine highway accident at first. Alas, the woman’s battered body did not match up with only minor damage suffered by the car. I did better.
This reproduces, with the changes and additions given in italics, an Associated Press report published to the New York Times on September 2, 1952, under the headline “Charge Is Due Today in ‘Perfect Murder”’. Nabokov, to use a term of the Russian Formalists, is baring his devices. Humbert Humbert’s gleeful comments subjectify the narrative, while added details (the colour and make of the car, the names of plants, etc) suggest the interference of a superior authorial agency. Humbert’s slip, substituting “array” for “arraign”, obliquely explains a design: the implied author (hidden under the mask of John Ray) actually arrays the story of the real murderer; that is, dresses it up and places it in desired order.
The insertion of this real, though “arrayed” report into the text leads to another, much more important allusion to a real crime, in the same episode. Soon after his visit to the Ramsdale cemetery, Humbert meets Mrs Chatfield, an old acquaintance whose daughter Phyllis was Lolita’s classmate: “She attacked me with a fake smile, all aglow with evil curiosity. (Had I done to Dolly, perhaps, what Frank Lasalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, had done to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in 1948?)”.
The phrase to parenthesis (where it is usual to find the most meaningful clues in Nabokov’s prose) is a deliberately planted invitation t the reader to do some research in old newspaper files. However, the necessary information is hard to find, because major American media did not cover the La Salle case which made the news at the end of March 1950. Many local newspapers then published unsigned reports from Associated Press and International News Service. Some examples of headlines will suffice: “Rescued after two-year captivity”; “Kidnapper held on Federal Charge — Girl Tells Story”; “Sex Criminal Held for New Jersey Court”; “Girl, 13, Held After Travels With Man, 52”; “13-Year-Old Spent 2 Years With LaSalle”; “Girl Accuses Man of Ruse. Two-Year Tour Made by Pair”. A headline like these would have caught Nabokov’ s extraordinarily keen eye. At that time he, “beset with technical difficulties and doubts” (Strong Opinions), had almost halted work an his new novel and could not have missed an interesting prompt provided by the “given world”.
The very consonance of the names of the kidnapped girl and her abductor — Sally and La Salle — sounded as if they had been invented by a bilingual punster playing an the French adjective sale (dirty or sordid); their story read as a tough scheme for the second part of Lolita . These are some of the reports Nabokov apparently knew:
SAN JOSE, Calif., March 22 (AP) — A hawk— faced New Jersey sex criminal was held for the FBI today, accused at forcing a 13-year-old schoolgirl to flee from her family, having sexual relations with him and travel across the country with him. The girl missing for nearly two years — said she did all these things because she feared the 52-year-old man would expose her theft of a five cent notebook. . .
The girl was chubby brown haired Florence Sally Horner of Camden.
Sheriff Howard Hornbuckle said the girl told him La Salle compelled her to leave Camden an June 15, 1948.
The first week they were together, the sheriff said he was told, La Salle and the girl had sexual relations, and these relations continued until three weeks ago when a school chum in Dallas, Texas told Sally that what she was doing was wrong.
SAN JOSE, Calif., March 22 (AP) — A plump little girl of 13 told police today she accompanied a 52-year-old man on a two-year tour of the country, in fear he would expose her as a shop-lifter.
The girl, Florence Sally Horner of Camden, N. J., was found here last night after she appealed to Eastern relatives “send the FBI for me, please?”. Her companion, Frank La Salle, an unemployed mechanic, was said by County Prosecutor Michael E. Cohen in Camden to be under indictment for her abduction.
Officers said the girl told them La Salle had forced her to submit to sexual relations.
The nice looking youngster, with light brown hair and blue-green eyes, attributed her troubles to a Club she joined in a Camden school. One of the requirements, she said, was that each member steal something from a ten-cent store.
She stole an article, she related, and La Salle happened to be watching her. She said he told her he was an FBI Agent; that “We have a place for girls like you.”
Sally said she went away with him, under his threat that unless she did, he would have her placed in a reform school.
SAN JOSE, Calif. (AP) — A 13-year-old girl’s telephoned plea “send the FBI for me, please!” has ended her 21-month trans-continental travels with a 52-year-old man.
Sheriff’ s deputies placed Florence (Sally) Horner in a juvenile detention home last night, after finding her in an auto court. They were awaiting word from her mother Mrs. Ella Horner of Camden, N. J. about sending Sally home.
And they jailed Frank La Salle, 52, an unemployed mechanic, pending word from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
SAN JOSE, Calif., March 23 — (INS) — A 52-year-old mechanic with a long record of morals offenses faced a multiplicity of charges today for making a common law “child bride” at the bobby-soxer he is accused of abducting.
Frank La Salle was arraigned before U. S. Commissioner Marshall Hall yesterday on a Mann Act charge of transporting a girl across state lines for immoral purposes. Bail was fixed at $ 10,000.
La Salle is accused of kidnapping 12-year-old Florence Horner from her Camden, N. J., home two years ago and forcing her to submit to sexual relations while travelling the continent. He allegedly bound the girl to him with threats to “turn her in” for a five-cent theft.
The chubby, mature looking teenager caused his arrest when she managed to telephone a sister that she wanted to go home so “please send the FBI”
San Jose police, alerted by Camden authorities, found the girl in an auto court Tuesday night and a few hours later arrested La Salle when he returned in the trailer in which the two had been living.
La Salle protested he was Florence’s father but New Jersey authorities said the girl’ s father had been dead for seven years .
Less than two weeks alter his arrest, Frank La Salle pleaded guilty in a charge of kidnapping and was sentenced in a jail term of 30 to 35 years.
The second part of Lolita abounds with echoes of the story. Nearly two years of Lolita’s captivity, the “extensive travels” of Humbert Humbert and his “child-bride” all over the United States from New England to California, their sojourns in innumerable “motor courts”, a stay in Beardsley where Lolita goes to school, the anti-hero’s constant claims that he is the girl’s father, “not very mechanically-minded but prudent papa Humbert”: all these elements of the novel’s nightmarish plot seem to derive from the real-life precedent. The sequence and time-span of events are strikingly similar. Sally Horner lived with Frank La Salle for twenty-one months, went to school in DaIlas where she confided her secret to a friend, resumed travels with the kidnapper, and finally, three weeks later, made a crucial telephone call asking for help and set herself free. After twenty-one months with Lolita , when the pair come to Beardsley, Humbert suddenly realizes that she has grown up and is slipping away from his power. He suspects that she has told her school friend Mona everything, and might be cherishing “the stealthy thought.. . that perhaps after all Mona was right, and she, orphan Lo, could expose [Humbert] without getting penalized herself”. They have a terrible row, but Lolita manages to escape and make a mysterious phone call, afterwards telling Humbert, “A great decision has been made”. They resume their travels, and about a month later Lolita manages to escape. When in the final chapter of the novel Humbert states that he would have given himself “at least thirty-five years for rape, and dismissed the rest of the charges”, he mimics Frank La Salle’s sentence.
Several details transposed by Nabokov from newspaper reports seem to underscore an affinity (or, better, a “rhyme”) between Sally and Dolly. Both “nice looking youngsters” are daughters of widowed mothers; both have brown hair; Lolita’s “Florentine hands” and “Florentine breasts” evoke not only Botticelli but also the first name of Florence Sally Horner. It was in the sad story of the New Jersey girl that Nabokov found a psychological explanation of Lolita’s acquiescence in her role of sex-slave. Copying La Salle, Humbert terrorizes his victim with threats that if he is arrested, she “will be given a chance of varying dwelling places, all more or less the same, the correctional school, the reformatory, the juvenile detention home ...“. Talking to Lolita about her situation, Humbert even alludes to the case of Frank La Salle:
Only the other day we read in the newspapers some bunkum about a middle-aged morals offender who pleaded guilty to the violation of the Mann Act and to transporting a nine-year old girl across state lines for immoral purposes, whatever they are. Dolores darling! You are not nine but almost thirteen, and I would not advise you to consider yourself my cross-country slave I am your father, and I am speaking English, and I love you.
Changing the age of the girl, Nabokov indicates that in the inner calendar of the novel the allusion to the case of Frank La Salle is an anachronism: Humbert is talking to Lolita in 1947; that is, a year before the real abduction, when Sally Horner was nine or ten years old. Yet the legal formulae used by the narrator, as well as his implying that he, in contrast to La Salle, is really Lolita’s father, leave no doubt that the passage refers to the newspaper reports of 1950.
What makes Humbert’s phrasing even more poignant is that it betrays his knowledge of the tragic finale of Sally Horner’s story. Fate showed no mercy to the molested bobby-soxer. As Associated Press reported in August 1952, twenty-nine months after La Salle’s arrest, she was killed in a highway accident when the car in which she was riding ploughed into the rear of a parked truck. In fact, Nabokov’s hand-written note concerning Sally Horner’s case, in the Library of Congress archive (cited by Brian Boyd), is a shortened copy of a newspaper report on her death, dated August 20, 1952:
Woodbine, N.Y. — Sally Horner, 15-year-old Camden, N. J., girl who spent 21 months as the captive of a middle-aged morals offender a few years ago, was killed in a highway mishap early Monday . Sally vanished from her Camden home in 1948 and wasn’t heard from again until 1950 when she told a harrowing story of spending 21 months as the cross-country slave of Frank LaSalle, 52.
LaSalle, a mechanic, was arrested in San Jose, Calif.... be pleaded guilty to charges of kidnapping and was sentenced to 30 to 35 years in prison. He was branded a “moral leper” by the sentencing judge.
As, at the end of August 1952, Nabokov was travelling by car from Wyoming to Ithaca, it is impossible to identify the newspaper that was a source of the note. (I have found a slightly different version of the same report in the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, August 19, 1952. There La Salle is more bluntly called “a middle-aged sex offender” and Sally Horner his cross-country love slave”) In his copy Nabokov crossed out the very euphemisms — “a middle-aged morals offender” and “a cross-country slave” — that Humbert Humbert uses in his conversation with Lolita. Above the text he scribbled:” in Ench[anted] H[unters] revisited?... In the newspaper?”. He meant the scene in Chapter twenty-six, in which Humbert revisits Briceland and in a library browses a “coffin-black volume” with old files of the local Gazette for August 1947. Humbert is looking for a printed picture of himself “as a younger brute” on his “dark way in Lolita’s bed” in the Enchanted Hunters motel, and Nabokov evidently thought of making him came across a report of Sally Horner’s death in what the narrator aptly calls the “book of doom”. Eventually Nabokov rejected the idea, but he dispersed bits and pieces of Sally Horner’s “harrowing story” throughout the second part of Lolita .
It haunts Humbert Humbert, who can’t help noticing its similarity to his own tale, but would never concede that, in spite of his pretensions to poetic grandeur, verbal skills and sensitivity, he is no better than La Salle, a common criminal and “moral leper”. La Salle’s profession and appearance are given to minor characters whom Humbert scorns: Dick Schiller, Lolita’s husband, is a mechanic, while Vivian Darkbloom (an anagram of Vladimir Nabokov), a friend and collaborator of his arch-arch-enemy Clare Quilty, has a hawk face.
According to the narrator and his fictitious editor, “suave John Ray”, Lolita was written in less than two months, from late September to November 16, 1952, while Humbert was in prison awaiting trial for the murder of Clare Quilty. Yet his use of old newspaper materials betrays careful preparation and contradicts his assurances that the text is an honest memoir. In a sense, the cunning humbug is doing to his readers what a barber in Kasbeam has done while giving him “a very mediocre haircut” —“he babbled of a baseball-playing son of his ...and every now and then -. . interrupted his tremulous scissor work to produce faded newspaper clippings, and so inattentive was I that it came as a shock to realize .. that the mustached young bail player had been dead for the last thirty years”. Producing and editing his own “newspaper clippings”, Humbert Humbert conceals the fact of Sally Horner’ s death, which might imply that he hides a similar secret concerning Dolores Haze’s fate. (Some critics have argued that Lolita does not run away with Clare Quilty, but dies in Elphinstone hospital when she is just fourteen years and six months old, and the parallels with Sally Horner’s story support this reading.)
For the author of Lolita , the “perfect dictator” is his imagined world, the short and unhappy life of a chubby brown-haired American teenager would have had a different meaning. In The Gift, Nabokov wrote that a most important source of creative imagination is
a piercing pity — for the tin box in a waste patch, for the cigarette card from the series National Costumes trampled in the mud, for the poor, stray word repeated by the kind-hearted, weak, loving creature who has just been scolded for nothing — for all the trash of life which by means of a momentary alchemic distillation - is turned into something valuable and eternal.
Trampled Sally Homer, enmeshed in a terrible pattern of doom — a fatherless childhood, a strange, as if preordained, meeting with La Salle, a grotesque cat ride across America with her abductor, the suffering and pain of the lone child turned into a sex slave, a successful rebellion against the abuser, and a sudden untimely death again on the road — was a deserving object for Nabokov’s “piercing pity”, and for the transformation of her story, through art “into something valuable and eternal”. Referring to her in his masterpiece about an abused American girl somewhat like herself, he not only paid tribute in his “given world” source but, in a sense, redeemed the cruelty of Sally’s fate, which otherwise would have been for ever buried in “the trash of life”.
In the Ramsdale scene, just before naming La Salle and Sally Horner, Humbert Humbert is passing by his old house and notices that “somebody had attached a found black velvet hair ribbon to the white FOR SALE sign”. The attentive reader may remember a similar ”velvet hair ribbon” that Lolita removed before going to bed in the Enchanted Hunters and evidently left there, together with her childhood and her freedom. Now it has been found by the invisible godlike author of the book and hung as a mourning wreath in memory of the “daisy-fresh girl” destroyed by Humbert. Nearby, he suddenly sees “a golden-skinned, brown-haired nymphet of nine or ten” who is looking at him with “wild fascination in her large blue-black eyes”:
I said something pleasant to her, meaning no harm, an old-world compliment, what nice eyes you lave, but she retreated in haste and the music stopped abruptly, and a violent looking dark man, glistening with sweat, came out and glared at me. I was on the point of identifying myself when, with a pang of dream embarrassment, I became aware of my mud-caked dungarees, my filthy and torn sweater, my bristly chin, my bum’s bloodshot eyes.
This is a rare moment in the book when Humbert understands what to might really look like in the eyes of his eternal jury: children and theirs protectors.
September 15, 2005
By STACY SCHIFF
Correction Appended
IN "circular skirt and scanties," Vladimir Nabokov's "Lolita" flounced into print 50 years ago today. But before she tripped off the tongue and into the literary canon, before she lent her name to inflatable dolls and escort agencies, Lolita was a much-rejected manuscript, huddling in a locked drawer. Her author spoke of her only in secret, on the condition that his identity never be revealed. He kept her out of the hands of the United States Postal Service. She was his "time bomb." The wonder is that - in a confessional culture, in taboo-toppling, hail-Britney times - she still startles and sears.
Humbert Humbert claims to have written the text in 56 days, but Nabokov was less of a madman, and a Cornell professor to boot. He labored over the pages for six years. Only in the summer of 1953 did he first mention his novel "about a man who liked little girls" to an editor. Nabokov was a fairly recent immigrant, but he knew well that no one in America was beating down the door to read the sexually explicit confessions of a European gentleman who several times a day, over the course of two years, rapes his prepubescent stepdaughter.
Nabokov's wife, Véra, had already warned that the novel was not one for children. The first editor to read "Lolita" did not think it even a book for adults, at least not for adults unwilling to serve jail sentences. In 1955, Paris was a city rather than a celebrity; stars of X-rated films did not write how-to books; and "obscene" was a designation for art rather than a denomination of money. Behind Nabokov's back, friends agreed that no one would touch the thing. They were right. "I recommend that it be buried under a stone for a thousand years," cringed one editor.
At Doubleday, young Jason Epstein was quick to grasp that the novel was infinitely more than the sum of its plot, that Nabokov had "in effect, written 'Swann's Way' as if he had been James Joyce." The book read like a thriller. Its pacing was quick. It was vastly amusing. And Mr. Epstein could vote against "Lolita" only "on the grounds of its outlandish perverseness."
In the Nabokov household that term translated into "extreme originality." Which is how the work was billed when - after a year of rejections - Véra Nabokov packed off "Lolita" to Paris. The manuscript made its way to the Olympia Press, where Maurice Girodias presided over a list of gamy English-language classics. Girodias took to the novel immediately, although he had no illusions about sales. His only condition was that Nabokov put his name on the book, a condition to which the author agreed. He held in his hands the Olympia edition - two pale-green volumes that would be smuggled back from Paris in American suitcases over the next years - for the first time on Oct. 8, 1955.
Deafening silence followed. Only at the end of the year did Graham Greene, in London, relieve "Lolita" of her obscurity. Greene was not always good to little girls; he had lost a lawsuit for having proferred a few remarks about Shirley Temple and her "dimpled depravity." But asked to name the best books of 1955 he cited among three titles an obscure English-language work available only in Paris. He created an uproar in England, and a moral panic in America.
Legal considerations aside, not everyone took to the book. Edmund Wilson was repulsed; like many, he had trouble untangling author and narrator. Evelyn Waugh thought the novel without merit, except as smut. (On which count it was "highly exciting." To E. M. Forster those same pages were "rather a bore.") Rebecca West found the novel labored and ugly, a diluted blend of Peter de Vries and S. J. Perelman. Worse, she found in "Lolita" a great deal of Dostoyevsky, whom Nabokov abhorred.
All the same, there were plenty of admirers. Where once Nabokov had been meek, he was by the spring of 1956 defiant. He shrugged off those who warned of the danger of American publication. A serious work of art, "Lolita" could not be proved to be "lewd and libertine." It was moreover a tragedy. "The tragic and the obscene exclude one another," lectured Nabokov, who was a brilliant artist, but no lawyer. D. H. Lawrence's reputation as one of the century's greats had done nothing to protect "Lady Chatterley's Lover" from being tried for obscenity - and in 1956 Nabokov was no Lawrence. In truth, good writing had more to answer for in the eyes of the law. It packed a more pernicious punch.
There were a few additional wrinkles, given American copyright law and "Lolita's" foreign birth. Nabokov offered another consideration, possibly only as a negotiating tactic with editors. Warned by Jason Epstein that he could neither avoid an obscenity trial nor expect a fair one, he explained that he had no choice but to publish. He could not survive on his Cornell salary alone. The decision was "not a matter of principle but a matter of money." It is perhaps noteworthy that in the course of a year on the road with Lolita, Humbert spends the equivalent of Nabokov's Cornell salary on food and lodging alone.
Just as it was being considered by American publishers, the novel was banned in Paris, of all places. (It would be unbanned, then rebanned, in France. By 1958 it could be sold but not exhibited.)
On receipt of the French news, Nabokov sat down to commune with Graham Greene. "My poor 'Lolita' is having a rough time," he lamented. The novel fell between two stools. Those who picked it up looking for art were horrified; those in search of sex were bored. Nabokov had a point: The net effect of reading "Lolita" is indeed of going to bed with a pervert and waking up with a professor.
But Nabokov was right too about the locked drawer. The work includes lines that chill on every reading. "This was an orphan," Humbert reminds us, as Lo winces in pain, "This was a lone child, an absolute waif, with whom a heavy-limbed, foul-smelling adult had had strenuous intercourse three times that very morning."
It was Walter Minton at Putnam's who managed in 1958 to satisfy all parties and publish an American edition of "Lolita" in a strategically brilliant fashion, capitalizing on her squalid past while garlanding her with establishment kudos.
He made expert use of his author. Nabokov had indeed researched "Lolita," but not the way most people thought. He had studied the law regarding orphans, consulted tables on sexual maturation, read "The Subnormal Adolescent Girl," taken notes on acne and Tampax, borrowed faithfully from the tabloids. He acknowledged that Lewis Carroll had long been on his mind. Most reassuringly, he appeared in public with an essential accessory, his 56-year-old wife. In its ads Putnam went so far as to enlist American sophistication. Here was a novel that had been banned and unbanned by those "vacillating French."
THERE was no prosecution, except by the critics. "Lolita" left this paper's daily reviewer apoplectic. The only kind thing Orville Prescott could say for the novel was that it was not cheap pornography. (It was "highbrow pornography.") It was unworthy of a reader's attention on two counts: "The first is that it is dull, dull, dull in a pretentious, florid and archly fatuous fashion. The second is that it is repulsive." Generally male reviewers sympathized with Humbert and condemned Lolita. The novel may have fared well for the same reason; it was after all Lady Chatterley and Emma Bovary who had stood trial. Humbert may be a pervert, but he is not loose.
There was next to no reaction at Cornell. One of Nabokov's students confessed to being shocked not by "Lolita," but by the idea that the professor who was uncomfortable reading aloud from "Ulysses" had written it. The Chicago Tribune, The Christian Science Monitor and The Baltimore Sun refused to review the novel. It was "plain pornography" in Boston, never stocked in Cincinnati, a runaway bestseller.
It is difficult to imagine a work of fiction causing as much trouble today, when "obscene" and "unpublished" fairly qualify as antonyms. Blasphemy seems largely to have supplanted immorality. Meanwhile, dewy-skinned and downy-limbed, "Lolita" has not aged. How does she do it?
She travels light, without moral or agenda. Her plot still makes headlines; "outlandish perverseness" is us. But art is meant to transgress, to venture beyond what we permit ourselves. On all counts Nabokov's is a deeply subversive work, a humorous novel about a state of damnation, an enchantment and an ache. Sex was always less the point than sanity. With 50 years' perspective, it is easier as well to pry author from narrator. Humbert violates social convention. Nabokov's only immoral act is to cast so much of the rest of literature in an unflattering light.
Correction:
An Op-Ed article on
Thursday about the 50th anniversary of the publication of "Lolita" made an
incorrect reference in discussing Vladimir Nabokov's efforts to keep his
manuscript out of the hands of the postal authorities. The United States Postal
Service did not exist until 1971; its predecessor in the 1950's was the United
States Post Office Department.
Stacy Schiff is the author of "A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France and the Birth of America" and "Véra (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov)," for which she won a Pulitzer Prize in biography.
AGELESS 'LOLITA'
That book by Nabokov is 50. But in our
teen-obsessed times, the tragicomic masterpiece has lost none of its relevance.
Tuesday, September 27, 2005
On Sept. 15, over in Noe Valley, perched atop one of the knee-crunching hills of that cozily affluent neighborhood, a street sign was pasted over with a large white paper rectangle bearing black letters. Dolores Street was wiped out, at least for a block. It was now Lolita Street.
As that bit of artful defacement points out, Dolores Haze, the troubled and troubling object of Humbert Humbert's perverse affection, was not forgotten on what one might call her birthday, the day Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita" was published by the reliably smutty Olympia Press 50 years ago. How could she be? After all, we're living in a world where the fantasy of sexually souped-up girls -- her very namesakes -- is trafficked in with a smirk.
Let's be clear. Nabokov's beautiful, disturbing work stands as one of the most impressive displays of language in American literature, as well as an awesome dissection of the complex anatomy of love. The sheer joy of its sentences, the nuance of its evocations, are certainly the main reasons it has endured and why it seems assured of a readership another 50 years from now. But it is worth exploring another aspect of that masterpiece, a moral examination that would have prompted Nabokov, who championed aesthetics above all, to incinerate with a laser glare any fool who poked around such a topic.
Still, one can't help noticing that much like another novel that came out 50 years ago, "The Quiet American" by Graham Greene, "Lolita" offers us useful truths about all-too-familiar circumstances: Cynically coddling our fantasies about "young things" is a bit of tawdry business that leaves everybody empty.
The novel's relevance is uncanny, actually, given that Humbert asks that his "memoir'' (the faux journal that serves as the novel) please be published in the early years of 2000, when he and all else involved in his story would be safely dead, or too old to care. How unsettling that after all that time, what Humbert lusted after so shamefully, if hotly, is embraced so openly, albeit with a wink and nudge.
How else to explain the careers of a Britney Spears or Lindsay Lohan? How else to explain the success of "Girls Gone Wild" or porn boasting of having "barely legal girls?" Humbert could hazard a guess: "What drives me insane is the two-fold nature of this nymphet -- of every nymphet perhaps; the mixture in my Lolita of tender, dreamy childishness and a kind of eerie vulgarity, stemming from the snub-nosed cuteness of ads and magazine pictures ... and from very young harlots disguised as children in provincial brothels ... "
Granted, he's talking about a girl of 12 (remember, Humbert is, for all his style and sensitivity, a monster), but the parallel is clear when addressing Lolita's older (to use a word Humbert is fond of) coeval. We want these fresh-faced girls to be both dirty and angelic. We (meaning men, though there is more than one case of an adult woman fantasizing about a boy, and going way beyond that) want them to be both unspoiled and corrupt.
We take their flowering (or budding, in Lolita's case) sexuality and graft a certain obsession onto it -- the desire to recapture youth. But there's no way this hybrid can survive. It's an illusion. For Humbert, Lolita strikingly resembles a girl of 13 he loved when he was a boy. Now, in his late 30s, he has the chance (or so he deludes himself) to reclaim lost bliss. For the rest of us nowadays, it's the halcyon days of the later teen years that are being dangled tantalizingly before us, obtainable in DVD or CD.
Just look around. In everything from movies to advertising to popular music, perfection is depicted as encased in the body of a woman- or man-child. The general culture uses a youthful image of itself to reflect the world, seducing those teens through the flattery of consumerism into believing they are at the pinnacle of importance, thus somehow adult -- just as was the case 50 years ago for Lolita:
"She believed, with a kind of celestial trust, any advertisement or advice that appeared in Movie Love or Screen Land -- Starasil Starves Pimples, or 'You better watch out if you're wearing your shirttails outside your jeans, gals, because Jill says you shouldn't.' ... She it was to whom ads were dedicated: the ideal consumer, the subject and object of every foul poster."
In exchange for all this attention, all they have to do is offer up their very selves: They're both product and market. It's a raw deal.
Take Spears, for example. Her stock was at its highest when she was the teen girl in the denim skirt singing about "Hit me baby one more time." As she got older, she dressed and behaved more and more provocatively, though we were assured she was still a virgin, further fueling our fantasies. Then she turned 18, and was now, finally, legally obtainable -- but she kept getting older. Now she wasn't so inviting; her wide smile and flashing eyes we read as oh so knowing turned out to be simply vacuous.
Next thing, she's married to a guy who appears to be something of a good-natured slob, becomes screamingly pregnant, and is drifting off the radar of cultural significance, washed up at an early age. Throw in a trailer park, and it's the same fate as Lolita's following her days as a used-up nymph.
And what about those who lusted for Britney and all the other ones like her? They move on to the next promising Lolita. The fantasy must be fed.
Mind you, we're only talking about the most benign forms of this particular derangement. None of this is to mention Internet child porn or serial molesters or abductors ducking Amber Alerts. In that more sobering regard, Humbert's demons remain legion, though there are better sources to turn to than Nabokov's novel to puzzle out the whys of those crimes.
But "Lolita" does offer some wisdom into snapping out of the more common spell of lechery. Toward the end of the novel, when Humbert finds Lolita living shabbily in her trailer, he is surprised by how enamored he is with her utter humanity, loving her more now (she is all of 17, though given what she's suffered, its more like going on 50) than when she was his ideal nymphet. Later, alone on a hilltop, awash in the murmurs floating up to him from the town below, the purity of that love reveals to him the enormity of what he's done:
"Reader! What I heard was but the melody of children at play, nothing but that ... and then I knew that the hopelessly poignant thing was not Lolita's absence from my side, but the absence of her voice from that concord."
In other words, he recognizes her as a creature apart from him, not placed on Earth solely to satisfy his cravings. By failing to see that from the start, he has not only damaged her, but denied himself his own humanity.
It would be nice to think that should Dolores Street be altered again next year, it will be those words of Humbert and not images of his "cheap cuties" that come to mind to those zooming past and suddenly realizing they're driving along Lolita.
N Z Z Online
8. Oktober 2005, Neue Zürcher Zeitung
Nymphe mit Trauerschleppe
Ist Vladimir Nabokovs «Lolita» aktueller denn je?
Andrea Köhler
«Es begann mit Dolores. Dolores, das ist ein sehr schöner Name, ein Name mit langem Trauerschleier, ein Name mit feuchten Augen», erklärte Vladimir Nabokov, nach der Taufe für seine berühmteste Heldin gefragt, dem Interviewpartner Alain Robbe-Grillet. Das war 1959 - und «Lolita» war da schon vier Jahre im grellen Scheinwerferlicht der Öffentlichkeit. Wenn Nabokovs Meisterwerk in diesen Tagen sein 50-jähriges Erscheinen feiert, blickt es auf eine Karriere als skandalumwittertster amerikanischer Roman des 20. Jahrhunderts zurück. «Lolita ist berühmt, nicht ich», pflegte ihr Schöpfer zu sagen.
Während das Verkaufsaphrodisiakum des sexuellen Tabubruchs heute allenfalls daran krankt, dass es fast keine Tabus mehr gibt, hat Nabokovs Roman von seiner ursprünglichen Provokation nichts verloren. Im Gegenteil: Auf dem Hintergrund der jüngsten amerikanischen Pädophilie- Skandale scheint sein vordergründiges Thema - der sexuelle Missbrauch eines zwölfjährigen Mädchens durch seinen vierzigjährigen Stiefvater - dem Buch noch einmal neue Aktualität zu verschaffen. Anlässlich des 50-Jahr-Jubiläums nimmt man nun in der amerikanischen Presse die Rezeptionsgeschichte noch einmal neu in den Blick.
Als «Lolita» 1953 publikationsfertig war, wollte kein amerikanischer Verleger das Risiko eingehen, wegen Verbreitung von Pornographie ins Gefängnis zu wandern - obschon die ersten professionellen Leser den literarischen Wert des Romans auf Anhieb erkannten. Nach etlichen Absagen landete das «Nymphchen» schliesslich in einem Pariser Verlag, der neben pornographischer Lektüre auch Autoren wie Jean Genet oder Henry Miller eine Nische bot. Nachdem «Lolita» 1955 bei Olympia Press in Frankreich erschienen war, war die Reaktion gleich null - bis Graham Greene die «Lolita» als eines der drei besten Bücher des Jahres nominierte.
Ein Aufschrei ging durch die englischsprachige Welt. Das Buch wurde in Frankreich auf den Index gesetzt, wieder erlaubt und wieder verboten; drei Jahre später fand sich schliesslich der Verlag Putnam's bereit, «Lolita» in Amerika zu publizieren. Die prophylaktische Werbestrategie bestand darin, die Franzosen ob ihrer unentschiedenen Zensurpolitik zu geisseln und die Freiheit der Kunst zur amerikanischen Nationaltugend auszurufen. Das Buch landete über Nacht auf Platz eins der Bestsellerlisten, wo es sich sechs Monate lang neben «Doktor Schiwago» hielt.
Die Kritik aber war von Beginn an gespalten (und die Leser, die sich anzügliche Details versprachen, waren über kurz oder lang enttäuscht). «Schamlos», «pervers», urteilten die einen; Evelyn Waugh bezeichnete das Buch als puren, wenn auch sehr unterhaltsamen «Schund», E. M. Foster dagegen langweilte sich zu Tode. «Highbrow pornography», lautete das Urteil, das beide Reaktionen einte. Der Effekt der Lektüre, spottete Nabokov selbst, sei so, als ginge man mit einem Perversen ins Bett und wache mit einem Professor auf. Gleichwohl - oder eher deshalb - gab es von Anfang an prominente Fürsprecher. Der Verleger Jason Epstein, der die Gerichtsbarkeit «wegen der ausländischen Perversität» des Buches fürchtete und darum seine Publikation ursprünglich abgelehnt hatte, sah in «Lolita» eine Mischung aus «Ulysses» und «Recherche». Nicht jeder professionelle Leser war freilich gewieft genug, der Lesart des doppelbödigen Vorworts zu folgen, das alle möglichen Reaktionen (mit einem moralischen Tusch am Schluss) bereits im Vorhinein ironisch desavouierte. Nabokov hatte die einleitenden Worte einem gewissen John Ray, Jr., Ph. D., in die Feder diktiert. Noch im Jahr 1979 erschien in England eine Edition, in der nämliches Vorwort durch das des Schriftstellers Martin Amis ersetzt worden war.
Wenn jetzt anlässlich des 50. Jahrestags die Brisanz von «Lolita» neu erörtert wird, so liegt das nicht nur an der Aktualität seines Motivs. Niemand käme heute wohl auf die Idee, zu behaupten, das Thema des Buches sei «nicht die Verderbnis eines unschuldigen Kindes durch einen unheimlichen Erwachsenen, sondern die Ausbeutung eines schwachen Erwachsenen durch ein verdorbenes Kind» (wie sich seinerzeit ein Verteidiger des Romans vernehmen liess). Doch «Lolita» ist nach wie vor ein verstörendes Buch - und es verstört nicht allein, weil das Thema der Pädophilie «von dem trüben Bodensatz unseres kollektiven Unbewussten an die vorderste Front unseres moralischen Bewusstseins» gerückt ist, wie Charles McGrath in der «New York Times» schreibt. Längst ist die «ausländische Perversität», die dem russischen Emigranten nachgesagt wurde, in den USA eine anerkannte inländische Realität. Umso hartnäckiger hält sich offensichtlich die Frage, inwieweit der Autor für die Moral seines Erzählers verantwortlich zu machen ist.
Nabokov liess nie einen Zweifel daran aufkommen, dass Humbert Humbert ein «Schurke» und ein «Verbrecher» ist - so wenig wie der Erzähler letztlich selber. Speziell in der ergreifenden Schlussszene klagt er sich selbst des Verbrechens an, Dolores der Kindheit beraubt zu haben. Frühe Verteidiger des Buches, die die Titelfigur selbst der «Verruchtheit» bezichtigten, wies Vladimir Nabokov scharf zurecht: Lolita sei ein Kind und kein Teenager. Gleichwohl betrachtete der Autor die Moral in der Kunst als ein ästhetisches Problem. «Ein ernstzunehmendes Kunstwerk kann nicht liederlich oder unzüchtig sein», bemerkte er seinerzeit. «Das Buch erzählt eine Tragödie, und das Tragische und das Obszöne schliessen einander aus.»
Nabokov konsultierte psychologische Fallstudien, um für die Obsession seines pädophilen Akademikers den richtigen Ton zu finden - jenen Sirenengesang, dem das Buch nicht zuletzt seine Reputation als stilistisches Meisterwerk dankt. «Lolita» ist ein Buch über die Macht der Verführung - und es ist die Verführung selbst. Das Subversive des Romans, schrieb Stacy Schiff in der «New York Times», sei noch immer der unwiderstehliche Sog, durch den der Leser gewissermassen zum Komplizen des Verbrechens gemacht wird - eine Lesart, die schon Lionel Trilling in einer der ersten Besprechungen propagierte. Die Moral von der Geschichte, folgert auch Leland de la Durantaye im «Boston Globe», liege bis heute darin, der rhetorischen Eloquenz des Verführers nicht auf den Leim zu gehen.
«Lolita» ist das Bewusstseinsporträt eines Besessenen, dessen Kälte und Rechtfertigungsstrategien ebenso zur Disposition gestellt werden wie seine Tat. Das ist eine Frage der Perspektive, also letztlich eine des Stils. Als ein Gefängniswärter den Roman 1960 dem Naziverbrecher Adolf Eichmann zu lesen gab, der in Jerusalem auf seinen Prozess wartete, retournierte Eichmann das Buch mit den Worten, es handele sich um «ein krankes, schädliches Machwerk». Besser lässt sich der Lackmustest auf die Moral in der Kunst wohl nicht persiflieren. «‹Lolita›», sagte Nabokov in einem Interview, «ist die Geschichte eines todtraurigen Mädchens in einer todtraurigen Welt.»
Feuilleton Berliner Zeitung
Donnerstag, 15 September 2005
Je älter, desto verführerischer: Lolita
Lolita ist ein wenig in die Jahre gekommen. Das kleine Miststück mit der ondulierten Ponyfrisur, das so betont arglos über dunke Brillengläser äugen kann, wird heute fünfzig; am 15. September 1955 erschien Vladimir Nabokovs berühmtestes Buch beim Pariser Verlag Olympia Press.
Der amerikanische Autor Andrew Sean Greer, den John Updike im New Yorker mit Nabokov verglich, dürfte heute fast im Alter von Lolitas Verführer Humbert Humbert sein. Vergangenen Freitag erzählte er von seiner Bekanntschaft mit der kleinen Dolores Haze. Mit 26, beim zweiten Mal, fand er das Buch unmoralisch. Er habe Nabokov und sich selbst für die Schadenfreude verurteilt, als Mama Haze von einem Auto überfahren wird. Erst beim dritten Lesen habe er sich nur noch über den unglaublichen Spaß gefreut, den Nabokov beim Schreiben empfunden haben müsse. Bis heute hat Greer, wie er sagt, das Buch an die fünfzig Mal gelesen.
Die Quintessenz seiner Ausführungen ist wohl, dass Lolita mit zunehmendem Alter (Greer meinte natürlich: des Lesers) immer toller wird. Damit bestätigte er nur, was Nabokov selbst über die Zwölfjährige schrieb: "Einerlei, sogar wenn diese ihre Augen kurzsichtig wie Fische würden und ihre Brustknospen schwöllen und aufsprängen und ihr berückendes, junges, samtzartes Delta befleckt und von Geburten zerrissen wäre - auch dann noch wäre ich wahnsinnig vor Zärtlichkeit beim bloßen Anblick deines lieben blassen Gesichts, beim bloßen Klang deiner rauhen jungen Stimme, meine Lolita."
Sie ist eben selbst als alte Schachtel unwiderstehlich. Trotz Runzeln und Zellulitis überstand sie nicht nur die haltlosen Plagiats-Verdächtigungen nach Michael Maars Entdeckung von Heinz von Lichbergs Lolita (1916) im vergangenen Jahr unbeschadet. Gerade hat Jim Jarmusch mit seinem Film "Broken Flowers" den Lolita-Mythos wieder aufgegriffen. Welche andere literarische Figur wurde je so populär, dass auch Nichtleser ganz genau wissen, wofür sie steht?
Brigitte Preissler
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Posted on Wed, Oct. 26, 2005
Vladimir Nabokov, so far as we know, never asked himself that question about his most notorious character. But others are asking.
Sept. 15 marked the 50th anniversary of the first Paris publication of the Russian emigre's most famous novel. (In case you've been living on Mars or are 9 years old, it's about a dirty old man and a nymphet.) American publishers paid due attention.
Vintage released a special anniversary edition. Columbia University held a symposium. The New York Times and Washington Post published musings.
Yet neither the Post nor the Times paid any attention to the biggest news connected to the anniversary: the Nov. 10 publication of The Two Lolitas by Michael Maar (Verso, $23), a book-length investigation of the alleged lifting, from the enterprising German literary scholar who broke the story last year.
In an article for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Maar reported discovering a 1916 short story by the aristocratic German writer Heinz von Eschwege (1890-1951), a German newspaper journalist (and descendant of the Grimm Brothers) who wrote under the pen name Heinz von Lichberg and later became a Nazi Party propagandist.
The story involved a cultivated middle-aged man bewitched by a preteen beauty named Lolita. It appeared as one of a collection of 15 tales published by Falken Verlag in Darmstadt under the title, The Accursed Giocanda.
Von Lichberg's older man is, like Nabokov's Humbert Humbert, a lodger who succumbs to Class-A erotic fixation after his first fatal glance at the daughter of the house - in his case, a pension in Spain. He also becomes intimate with Lolita, who, like Nabokov's temptress, 12-year-old Dolores "Lolita" Haze, suffers from mood swings and dies before him.
According to Maar, The Accursed Giocanda would have been "quite generally available" in Berlin in the 1920s and '30s. Nabokov's family moved to Berlin in 1919 and Vladimir lived and wrote his Russian-language novels there from 1922 till 1937. He resided, it turns out, in the same southwest Berlin neighborhood as Lichberg, a prominent feuilletonist for the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger newspaper. Maar offers intriguing evidence that they may have been aware of each other personally.
Maar also puts forth examples of coincidences, allusions to Spain, a second case in which Nabokov may have borrowed a Lichberg plot, and a huge amount of circumstantial evidence from name-games in Nabokov's other writings, to one purpose. He believes that Nabokov - guiltily or playfully, but certainly characteristically - wanted to tease readers with hidden allusions to Lichberg's work. Nabokov, Maar reminds us, was "not just an incalculable genius, but a genius of deception..."
At the same time, acknowledges Maar, wryly paraphrasing Nabokov's character Van Veen in the novel Ada, that no logical law tells us when a given number of coincidences ceases to be accidental. With no smoking gun, Maar sees three possibilities.
One is that Nabokov was "completely unaware of Lichberg's tale" and it's a matter of "fortuitous coincidence." The second is that Nabokov experienced what Maar dubs "cryptomnesia": a forgetting of material he once read, followed by a "resurgence" that he considered his own creation.
Hypothesis three - the one Maar favors - is that Nabokov knew Lichberg's tale and, "half-inserting, half-blurring its traces, set himself to that art of quotation which Thomas Mann, himself a master of it, called 'higher cribbing.' "
When Maar's research broke in Europe last year, Nabokov's son, Dmitri, the executor of his father's estate, described the allegations as "either a journalistic tempest in a teacup or a deliberate mystification."
Dmitri, responding to requests from both the Guardian of London and Nabokov's German translator, Dieter Zimmer, for his views, pointed out that Lichberg's story takes place in Spain, where the name "Lolita" is "hardly a rarity." He described Lichberg's story as a "short piece written by a journalist" that "also appears to be junk."
Nabokov's son added that his father spoke "practically no German." Angry about the floating plagiarism charges, he wrote to the Guardian, "I have seen many of the newspaper articles, whose writers range from the stolid proprietary Germans, to the unethical Norwegians whose headlines blatantly announce forgery... ."
"Contrary to what a lot of the hacks are saying, there are no similarities of name except for Lolita. The plot is one of a handful of basic plots on which all literature is based."
But Maar, who has done some hard digging, counters that Vladimir Nabokov, despite boasting of his disdain for German culture, and failure to master German to the extent he did French and English, nonetheless asserted "a fair knowledge of German" in his 1947 application for a Guggenheim Fellowship. Nabokov also wrote to Princeton University Press in 1975 that he could read German, but not write in it.
Does any of this matter to literary history? Maar stresses that even if Nabokov did crib from Lindberg, the word "plagiarism" does not apply.
"Literature has always been a huge crucible," Maar writes, "in which familiar themes are continually recast... . Nothing of what we admire in Lolita is already to be found in the tale; the former is in no way deducible from the latter."
Still, we'd say - don't try this on your final paper.
S e v e n O a k s
ESSAYS & REVIEWS
Review: Michael Maar’s The Two Lolitas
October 27, 2005
Charles Demers
The Two Lolitas, Verso Books, 2005, 107 pp., hardback.
Against the backdrop of the twentieth century’s traumatic narratives of displacement, exile and absurdity, the stories and life of Vladimir Nabokov are massive and emblematic, respectively. Born and raised in one of the century’s major sites of catastrophe (Russia) and passing through another (Germany), the author conquered the exilic state of the European intellectual by spinning it into indigenously American literature in works such as Pnin and Lolita; the latter considered by many to be the greatest English-language novel of the century, despite (or perhaps because of) being written by a non-native speaker. Nabokov’s position at the intersection of language granted his prose a hyper-linguistic quality, layering multi-lingual puns, cross-cultural allusions, anagrams, and complex wordplay decades before the Atlantic Monthly and its allies launched their insipid assault on the ‘cult of the sentence’ and experimental authors more interested in playful aesthetic than plot mechanics.
In his short, dynamic and fascinating new book, The Two Lolitas, German literary critic Michael Maar has potentially unearthed a meta-allusion at the heart of Nabokov’s infamous meditation on obsession, paedophilia, lost love and the American Dream:
A cultivated man of middle age recounts the story of his coup de foudre. It all starts when, traveling abroad, he takes a room as a lodger. The moment he sees the daughter of the house, he is lost. She is very young, but her charms instantly enslave him. Heedless of her tender age, he becomes intimate with her. In the end she dies, and the narrator – marked by her forever – remains alone. The name of the girl supplies the title of the story: ‘Lolita.’ It is the ninth of the fifteen tales in the collection The Accursed Giocanda, and it appeared forty years before its famous homonym. (page 11)
The collection of short stories to which Maar (and, he argues, Nabokov) alludes is written by the aristocratic Heinz Von Lichberg (né Eschwege), a man whose mediocrity as an author is later in life mirrored by his lackluster performance as a Nazi. Lichberg’s Lolita (included as an appendix to Maar’s work, along with another story bearing strong parallels to other work by Nabokov) is a largely uninspiring ghost story, completely unlike Humbert Humbert’s tale in tone and execution. Nevertheless, the staggering similarities between the plots of the two stories demand an explanation.
Maar offers three hypotheses for the enigmatic likenesses between the two works, favouring and elaborating convincingly upon the third: coincidence, cryptomnesia (the unconscious borrowing of forgotten work) or Thomas Mann’s “higher cribbing” – “The stress lies on ‘higher’. Of course, this possibility would have as little to do with plagiarism as it did in the case of Mann, who was quite self-conscious about what he was doing…[page 58]”
Advancing arguments bound up with an intimate knowledge and understanding of Nabokov’s work and the biographical details of his life, Maar effectively explodes the possibilities of miraculous coincidence as well as cryptomnesia by outlining further analogs between the oeuvres of the two writers (beyond the two Lolitas) as well as cryptic references written by Nabokov into his screen adaptation of Lolita for Stanley Kubrick.
Maar wisely avoids what would have amounted to silly and trivial accusations of outright plagiarism, opting instead to meditate on the cross-pollination of and “interplay between high and light literature [page 76].” Readers who take the time to read Lichberg’s schlocky campfire story will remain confident that Humbert’s story belongs to Nabokov outright. Maar’s exploration does, though, raise interesting – if less than earth-shaking – questions about a great author’s seeming fixation with a lesser writer and “his art of controlling and sometimes misleading his admirers” [also page 76].
Maar’s essay is a fascinating read for anyone interested in discovering new depths to what is already generally acknowledged to be among the most intricately-embroidered prose ever written.
LE MONDE DES LIVRES | 10.11.05 | 14h30 • Mis à jour le 10.11.05 | 14h30
Lila Azam Zanganeh
Article paru dans l'édition du 11.11.05
Il avait 56 ans. Elle était sa "bombe à retardement". Deux volumes vert pâle. Trois syllabes. "Lo-lii-ta : le bout de la langue fait trois petits pas le long du palais pour taper, à trois reprises, contre les dents. Lo. Lii. Ta." Selon le mot de l'éditeur américain Jason Epstein, Nabokov venait d'écrire Du côté de chez Swann comme s'il était James Joyce. Epstein, pourtant, refusera de publier le manuscrit, "en raison de son insensée perversité" . Ils seront quatre autres, en Amérique, à craindre l'opprobre, les représailles judiciaires, la prison.
Contre toute attente, c'est un éditeur français, Olympia Press, qui prend le risque, en septembre 1955, de publier le texte, et de le faire dans sa langue originale. Nabokov l'ignore, mais la maison de Maurice Girodias, en dépit d'un catalogue déjà prestigieux (Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Restif de La Bretonne) passe, dans le Paris de l'époque, pour spécialisée dans la publication d'oeuvres sulfureuses. Peut-être d'ailleurs la première partie du roman - la plus érotiquement suggestive - a-t-elle réellement laissé espérer à Girodias, sinon un parfum de scandale, du moins un certain succès auprès des amateurs de littérature dite "licencieuse". L'éminent nabokovien Alfred Appel Jr. s'en souvient : "J'ai découvert Lolita en 1956 chez un bouquiniste de la rive gauche, coincé entre Jusqu'à ce qu'elle hurle et La Vie Sexuelle de Robinson Crusoé..."
Le résultat, en tout cas, est là. La nymphette aux épaules de miel fait ses premiers pas en silence, presque honteusement. Les humeurs d'Humbert Humbert, "artiste, fou, créature infiniment mélancolique", déçoivent, médusent ou révoltent la plupart des premiers lecteurs de Lolita. C'est eux que Nabokov interpelle, non sans amertume, dans sa magnifique postface, "Sur un livre intitulé Lolita", où il rappelle que "l'obscénité est accouplée à la banalité" et qu'"une oeuvre de fiction n'existe", à ses yeux, que si elle donne "le sentiment de communier avec d'autres états où l'art (la curiosité, la tendresse, la bonté, l'extase) est la norme."
L'"affaire Lolita" n'en est pourtant qu'à ses débuts. Deux mois après la publication parisienne, en décembre 1955, dans les pages du Sunday Times de Londres, Graham Greene choisit Lolita parmi les trois meilleurs romans de l'année. Les réactions sont d'une extrême violence. Le critique John Gordon réplique aussitôt, dans le Sunday Express, que c'est "le livre le plus immonde" qu'il lui ait été donné de lire. L'Angleterre se dit scandalisée par la passion dévorante - et diaboliquement poétique - du "monstre pentapode" pour sa fillette de 12 ans. Et c'est en contrebande que partent pour l'Amérique les tout premiers exemplaires des petits volumes vert pâle.
CONSIDÉRATIONS MORALES
Vladimir Nabokov, lui, fait son entrée iconoclaste dans la grande histoire littéraire. Prouesse invraisemblable, tour de prestidigitation linguistique, Lolita est son douzième livre, et son troisième roman en langue anglaise. Il y a travaillé au cours de voyages d'été entrepris en compagnie de sa femme, Vera, dans l'Ouest américain. Le jour, il chasse obstinément le papillon. Les après-midis pluvieux, la nuit, pour exorciser l'insomnie, ou encore dans son Oldsmobile poussive, il compose son roman sur de petites fiches cartonnées et scrupuleusement annotées. Les lieux qu'il parcourt sont ceux que traverseront Humbert et Lolita pendant leur formidable équipée "de motel en motel" : Telluride, Colorado ; Afton, Wyoming ; Portal, Arizona ; Ashland, Oregon...
Vera, la plus opiniâtre des avocates de Lolita , sauvera le manuscrit inachevé des flammes de l'incinérateur du jardin. Lorsqu'en 1958, après mille tergiversations, le livre paraît enfin chez Putnam's, en Amérique, il se propulse, près de six mois durant, à la tête de toutes les listes de best-sellers. Mais les réactions de la presse américaine restent dans la ligne de celles de la presse britannique et française. Et l'on voit même des écrivains et critiques de renom, tels Evelyn Waugh ou Edmund Wilson, le dénoncer comme inexpiablement répugnant.
Cinquante ans plus tard, Lolita s'est vendu à cinquante millions d'exemplaires dans le monde entier. Mais le roman continue de semer le trouble. Dans le New York Times, Charles McGrath s'est rendu à l'évidence la semaine dernière : "Contrairement à la plupart des livres controversés, la lame de Lolita ne semble pas s'être émoussée avec le temps. Là où Ulysse ou L'Amant de Lady Chatterley, par exemple, ont désormais un air familier, inoffensif, voire même charmant, le chef-d'oeuvre de Nabokov est encore plus dérangeant qu'il ne l'était jadis." Sentiment que semblent partager bien des critiques américains qui ont tendance à mêler l'émoi ressenti à la lecture du texte à des considérations morales sur la pédophilie et sa prise de conscience récente dans l'opinion publique.
Comment faire la part du politique et du romanesque ? Comment ne pas mêler les ordres et les genres ? L'Amérique, cinquante ans après, en est toujours là. Quand paraît, il y a quelques semaines, chez Vintage, une nouvelle édition dont la couverture est ornée d'une bouche charnue et blanche, l'éditeur est le premier à annoncer une iconographie "provocante" alors même que celle-ci est d'une franche banalité... Et que dire de ces journaux et revues qui accumulent les articles censés démontrer, d'un même trait, la monstruosité viscérale d'Humbert, et les vertus régénératrices de l'art ? Nabokov les avait mis en garde : " Lolita ne traîne aucune morale derrière elle." Restent les mots, flamboyants et traîtres, "la seule immortalité que toi et moi puissions partager, ma Lolita".
Ein Genie der Täuschung
Michael Maars fabulierende Lolita-Wissenschaft
Suhrkamp Verlag KG August 2005 Gebundene Ausgabe 99 Seiten ISBN: 3518417169
Wie mache ich, so mag sich Michael Maar gefragt haben, aus einer Marginalie ein amüsantes Buch? Seine Entdeckung, dass es schon vor Nabokovs „Lolita“ eine Novelle gleichen Titels gegeben habe, eine Erzählung von Heinz von Eschwege-Lichberg, der sie in seiner Sammlung „Die verfluchte Gioconda“ 1916 veröffentlichte, wäre in einer wissenschaftlichen Ausgabe von Nabokovs Roman nichts als eine gelehrte Fußnote. Das kurze Werk Lichbergs (es ist Maars Abhandlung beigegeben), des Journalisten aus hessischem Uradel und späteren Parteigängers des Nationalsozialismus, muss, so meint Maar, Nabokov gekannt und beeinflusst haben, da dieser sich in den zwanziger Jahren in Deutschland aufhielt; schwer gefallen ist es ihm ohnehin, für sein Nymphchen, das dann zu Weltruhm gelangte, einen Namen zu finden. Maar hatte seine Vermutung bereits im vorigen Jahr durch die Zeitung publik gemacht. Der Widerspruch, den er erntete, hat ihn zum Detektiv werden lassen, der nun das Ergebnis seiner Spurensuche zum dramatischen Augenblick in Nabokovs Schriftstellerexistenz verdichtet.
Um eine spannende Lektüre zu garantieren, beginnt Maar mit einer Gerichtsszene, die allerdings nicht allzu viel mit der Taufe der Lolita und dem Einfluss des deutschen Schriftstellers darauf zu tun hat. Es handelt sich um den Prozess, der gegen Nabokov bei Erscheinen seines lasziven Romans eröffnet worden war. Maar lässt das Gerichtsverfahren allmählich in seine eigene Untersuchung einmünden, in der er den Beweis führt, dass es für Nabokovs Verführerin eine Vorgängerin gegeben habe. Am Ende des Maarschen Prozesses wird Nabokov freigesprochen, ganz gleich, ob er selbst oder ein anderer den Namen gab, er bleibt das Genie, der „Drache, der in die blauen Höhen der Literatur aufsteigt“.
Die Prüfung der Indizien, ob das Genie Nabokov von der Provinzgröße Lichberg abhängig sei, gibt den Stoff zu Maars unterhaltsamer Wissenschaftspoesie her. An das Wunder, dass der Zufall den beiden Autoren denselben Namen eingegeben habe, mag Maar nicht glauben, wäre es doch die langweiligste Lösung für seinen Fund und noch dazu unwahrscheinlich, denn schließlich steht der gemeinsame Name zugleich auch für dasselbe Thema der erotischen Liebe zu einem halbwüchsigen Mädchen, ein in der Literatur nicht eben häufig vorkommendes Motiv.
Auch eine Kryptomnesie, eine unbewusste Übernahme des Namens durch Nabokov, schließt Maar aus. Nabokov sei ein „Genie der Täuschung“, das die Herkunft seines Einfalls – welcher Name passte besser auf ein Nymphchen, als dies labiale, vokalreiche Gestammel – verleugnet und sich dennoch ein Vergnügen daraus macht, durch allerlei Winke seine Leser zu seiner Quelle hin zu lenken. Die Lust, dem Autor bei seinem Versteckspiel zu folgen, lässt sich Maar nicht nehmen.
Freilich gelangt er mit seiner Knobelei an die Grenzen dessen, was Interpreten erlaubt ist. Nur der Halbernst und ein Leser, der den Witz mehr schätzt als die Belehrung, können es verzeihen, wenn Maar schließlich sogar bei der Glühbirne von Osram ankommt. Der Weg zu dieser Assoziation ist lang und führt über jenen Osberg, der in Nabokovs Roman „Ada“ sich mit dem Lolita-Motiv befasst. Osberg gibt Nabokov selbst als Anagramm zu erkennen, Maar entschlüsselt es als „Borges“. Anständigerweise zieht sich nun Maar mit seiner Schnurre über die Silbe „os“ aus Osberg/Borges in eine Anmerkung und ins Aparte seiner poetischen Literaturwissenschaft zurück: „Os ist der Name des chemischen Elements Osmium, das zur Herstellung von Glühfäden verwendet wurde“ – und damit ist Maar beim Licht, d.h. auch wieder bei Lich-berg: „Einen Lich-berg zu Lichtberg zu ergänzen, ist eine so naheliegende Assoziation“, behauptet Maar, der diesmal bestimmt nicht der wahrheitsversessene Literaturwissenschaftler ist, den er fingiert; ein solcher würde sich diesmal bestimmt nicht in ihm wiedererkennen. Für einen lustbetonten Leser jedoch mag der Spaß genügen.
Bis über den Tod seiner beiden
Helden hinaus lässt Maar das Fabulieren nicht: Noch Lichbergs Ehefrau, die erst
1963 starb, wird in die Geschichte verwickelt: „Es bleibt die kuriose
Vorstellung“, so fingiert Maar, „dass sich bei der Witwe, als der Hurrikan
Lolita über die Vereinigten Staaten zog und von dort zurück nach Europa raste,
eine schwache Erinnerung an das Jugendwerk ihres Gatten geregt haben könnte.
Lolita . . . Kam ihr das nicht bekannt vor?“ Die „Lolita“ Lichbergs allerdings
findet vor Maars Auge keine Gnade; für ihn ist sie ein unbedeutendes Machwerk.
Warum sollte sich nun der Leser nicht auch die „kuriose Vorstellung“ erlauben
dürfen, der Erzähler von „Lolita und der deutsche Leutnant“ werte aus Eifersucht
den Erzähler jener gut gemachten „Lolita“ aus der „Verruchten Gioconda“ ab?
Sollte Maar, der Novellenschriftsteller, vielleicht gedacht haben: „Lolita . . .
das kommt mir allzu bekannt vor!“
FRANKFURTER RUNDSCHAU
Dokument erstellt
am 05.02.2006 um 17:08:18 Uhr
Erscheinungsdatum 06.02.2006
Höheres Abschreiben
Michael Maar über eine deutsche Quelle für Nabokovs "Lolita"
VON CHRISTOPH SCHRÖDER
Davon träumt wohl jeder - eine Entdeckung zu machen auf einem Gebiet, das bereits durch und durch erforscht, vermessen und kartografiert zu sein scheint, einen Fund, der auch einen selbst staunen lässt. Dem Literaturkritiker, Philologen und Essayisten Michael Maar ist genau das widerfahren. Auf einer Geburtstagsfeier kam er mit einem ihm unbekannten Mann ins Gespräch, der übliche Smalltalk. Als Maar von seiner Vorliebe für den Autor Vladimir Nabokov erzählte, behauptete sein Gegenüber, da habe er etwas Interessantes für ihn, vor langer Zeit schon in Berlin auf einem Flohmarkt erworben; ein Büchlein aus der Zeit noch vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, in dem ein deutscher Schriftsteller die Geschichte der Lolita erzähle - wohlgemerkt rund 40 Jahre vor Erscheinen von Nabokovs gleichnamigem Roman.
Eine triviale Schauergeschichte
Da müsse er sich irren, habe er, Maar, so erzählt er, zu dem Mann gesagt, das
könne gar nicht sein, er kenne sich da aus. Der Mann hatte sich nicht geirrt,
was folgte, war eine zweijährige Recherche, eine philologische Detektivarbeit,
deren Ergebnisse Maar in seinem Buch Lolita und der deutsche Leutnant
niedergelegt hat, das er im Frankfurter Literaturhaus im Gespräch mit Hubert
Spiegel, Literaturredakteur der FAZ, vorstellte. Zuvor las der
Schauspieler Peter Heusch die "Ur-Lolita", jenen Text eines Mannes namens Heinz
von Lichberg (dessen wahrer Name Heinz von Eschwege lautet), der der
Ausgangspunkt von Maars Spurensuche war. Lichberg, geboren 1890 in Marburg,
Berliner Journalist und Schriftsteller, in Diensten der Nazis zunächst Redakteur
beim Völkischen Beobachter, dann in Ungnade gefallen und 1951 als
Lokaljournalist in Lübeck gestorben, hat eine recht triviale Schauergeschichte
geschrieben, enthalten in dem Band Die verfluchte Gioconda, 1916
erschienen, die aber, wie zweifelsfrei nachzuweisen sind, deutliche Spuren in
Nabokovs Werk hinterlassen hat - und das erstaunlicherweise nicht nur in
Lolita.
Übernommene Motive, Namen, einzelne Handlungssegmente, all das rekonstruierte
Maar und machte sich damit in der eingeschworenen Nabokov-Gemeinde nicht nur
Freunde. Nabokovs Sohn und Nachlassverwalter Dimitri, so erzählte Maar, habe
lange Zeit die Existenz von Lichbergs Buch geleugnet; Dieter E. Zimmer,
Herausgeber der deutschsprachigen Nabokov-Neuausgabe, konterte mit einer
hämischen Rezension, und Bryan Boyd, der autorisierte Nabokov-Biograf, habe
seinen Fund schlicht ignoriert, obwohl Maar die literarische Bedeutung Nabokovs
durch seinen Fund nicht im Geringsten geschmälert sieht.
Die Fragen, die Maar im Gespräch aufwarf, sind dennoch hoch interessant: Haben
Nabokov, der von 1922 bis 1937 in Berlin lebte, und Lichberg, sich persönlich
gekannt? Konnte Nabokov deutsche Texte lesen? (Eindeutig ja.) Hat er Lichbergs
Erzählung gelesen, wieder vergessen und später unterbewusst wieder verwendet
(die so genannte Kryptomnesie-These)?
Oder hat er den Text ganz bewusst als Steinbruch benutzt und Spuren durch sein
gesamtes Werk hindurch gelegt und sich dessen befleißigt, was Thomas Mann
"höheres Abschreiben" nannte? Und, die wichtigste Frage: Wenn ja, warum? Warum
die Texte eines deutschen Trivialschriftstellers als Folie? Man werde das, so
Maar, vielleicht nie herausfinden, weil Nabokov ein Genie der Täuschung gewesen
sei. Andererseits habe er das Gefühl, ihm, Maar, fehle noch etwas, ein
Mosaiksteinchen, das Vieles erkläre. Bis dahin jedenfalls hat er gezeigt, wie
unterhaltsam und spannend Philologie sein kann - auch wenn sie sich nur mit
einer scheinbaren Marginalie beschäftigt.
The
great Lolita rip-off
(Filed: 13/11/2005)
Jeremy Noel-Tod reviews The Two Lolitas by Michael Maar.
From the hapless Russian lecturer Timofey Pnin to the deluded exile Charles Kinbote (whose rambling commentary on a poem comprises the bulk of Pale Fire), Nabokov's novels mock the profession of professing literature mercilessly but intimately. Professor of Russian literature himself at Cornell University, Nabokov knew the vanities of the lecturing mind. One of these is to read a text's teases as a come-on. Consequently, literary professors have a soft spot for Nabokov. There is nothing an academic likes better than the clever mockery of other academics.
Literary editors have a weakness for Nabokov the Tease too - in particular, Lolita, the story of a middle-aged émigré scholar (again) with a desperate passion for a 12-year-old American girl. Fifty years after publication, its lilting title still shimmers with scandal - and scandal sells. So when Michael Maar, a German academic, reported another "Lolita" last year, the Times Literary Supplement made her their cover girl.
Maar's hypothesis was that "Lolita", a short story published in 1916 by a forgotten German author, Heinz von Lichberg, might plausibly have come to the attention of Nabokov, who lived in Berlin from 1922 to 1937. There is no mention of such a source in the annotated edition of Lolita, despite Nabokov's co-operation in identifying literary allusions. Moreover, Nabokov claimed that his knowledge of German was negligible. Yet the coincidence was tantalising, and controversy ensued. The Two Lolitas reprints Maar's essay in extended form, incorporating some of the correspondence that followed the original piece, and giving Lichberg's original story (and another) as an appendix. By the end, however, the case is far from closed. Rather, Maar packs it to overflowing with possibilities, then elegantly sits on the lid.
"Some law of logic," Nabokov once wrote, "should fix the number of coincidences, in a given domain, after which they cease to be coincidences, and form, instead, the living organism of a new truth." Maar is aware of the Nabokovian aspect of his argument when he imagines Lichberg's book crossing Nabokov's path "by one of those coincidences in which life is richer than any novel should be". Yet this, of course, would have been a "coincidence" only in the literal sense. Narrative significance comes retrospectively, when Nabokov consciously or unconsciously - Maar allows for both possibilities - works the story into his own far superior fiction, and thus turns meaningless happenstance into destiny. Lacking proof of this primal scene, The Two Lolitas busies itself instead with discovering enough subtle coincidences to discount the possibility of a single, uncomplicated one: that Nabokov never read Lichberg.
Maar's consequent bending of the evidence is apparent in his opening summary of Lichberg's story. "A cultivated middle-aged man," we are told, recalls his relationship (as a much younger man) with the daughter of a house in which he lodged. "She is very young, but her charms instantly enslave him. Heedless of her tender age, he becomes intimate with her."
Seventy pages later, the original text reveals quite how coloured this description is by the need to fit Lichberg's lifeless protagonist to Nabokov's multi-hued monster, Humbert Humbert. There is no suggestion of gross impropriety in the original, and the girl's exact age is far from clear. Certainly, her father seems untroubled by his amorous lodger - who, in his own words, is only temporarily "entranced", and not "enslaved". The tale's focus is actually a rather crude ghost story, concerning two elderly brothers who murdered Lolita's great-great-great-grandmother.
Maar finds a dubious allusion to them in a little-known play by Nabokov, which in turn partly resembles the plot of another Lichberg story. But by this point we are footling in the footnotes of literary history, and the promised revelation has given way - as Humbert Humbert says of his own elaborately indeterminate confessions - "to a sort of retrospective imagination which feeds the analytic faculty with boundless alternatives".
At the end of Lichberg's "Lolita", the "Countess" who has been listening to the tale extends her hand to the man - a "scholar" - and says, "You are a poet". It is the same compliment with which Nabokov lures his scholarly critics: to be fellow poets in the processes of imaginative creation. But, imaginative as Maar's methods are, they do not produce "the living organism of a new truth", and he strains to connect two books which, without the coincidence of a title, nobody would ever have compared. Any debt of inspiration that Nabokov, the word connoisseur, might possibly owe to the uninspired Lichberg is not a story, or a character, but simply the three syllables with which his novel begins and ends: "Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth."