10-3-2004
Sophia Iakovlevna Parnok
(1885-1933)
София Яковлевна Парнок
Sophia Yakovlevna Parnok, Russia's only openly lesbian poet, was born in Taganrog, Russia, on August 11, 1885, the first child of a physician who died when Sophia was six years old. Parnok’s father, a pharmacist, remarried shortly after his first wife's death. Friction with her stepmother and, later, with her father, who strongly disapproved of her lesbianism, cast a shadow over Parnok’s youth, but tempered her in moral courage and independence. From the age of six she took refuge in writing, and during her last two years at the gymnasium (1901-1903) wrote extensively, especially about her lesbian sexuality and first love affairs. Her creativity would remain closely linked with her lesbian experience throughout her poetic life as she struggled to make her unique voice heard in her antilesbian literary culture. In 1905, Parnok left home with an actress lover and spent a year in Europe. For a time, she studied at the Geneva Conservatory, but a lack of funds forced her to return to her hated father's house. To become independent of him, she married a close friend and fellow poet and settled in St. Petersburg. She began publishing her poems in journals, but marriage soon stifled her creativity and also hampered her personal life. |
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In January 1909, she braved social censure and financial ruin and decided to leave her husband in order to make what she termed "a new start." After her divorce, Parnok settled in Moscow, became marginally self-supporting, and made a modest career as a journalist, translator, opera librettist, and poet.
At the beginning of World War I, she met the young poet Marina Tsvetaeva, with whom she became involved in a passionate love affair that left important traces in the poetry of both women. Parnok’s belated first book of verse, Poems, appeared shortly before she and Tsvetaeva broke up in 1916. The lyrics in Poems presented the first, revolutionarily nondecadent, lesbian desiring subject ever to be heard in a book of Russian poetry.
Parnok and her new lover, Lyudmila Erarskaya, an actress, left Moscow in late summer 1917 and spent the Civil War years in the Crimean town of Sudak. There Parnok was inspired by her love for Erarskaya to write one of her masterpieces, the dramatic poem and libretto for Alexander Spendiarov's opera Almast.
The physical deprivations of the Sudak years took their toll on Parnok’s precarious health (she was a lifelong sufferer from Grave's disease), but the time she spent in the Crimea was a period of spiritual ferment and creative rebirth.
Under the aegis of her poetic "sister" Sappho and her "Sugdalian sibyl" Eugenia Gertsyk (an intimate, platonic friend), the seeds of Parnok’s mature lesbian lyricism were sown and yielded a first harvest in the collections Roses of Pieria (1922) and The Vine (1923), which she published on her return to Moscow.
Shortly after the appearance of The Vine, she met Olga Tsuberbiller, a mathematician at Moscow University, with whom Parnok lived in a permanent relationship from 1925 until her death in 1933.
The Soviet censorship soon decided that Parnok’s poetic voice was "unlawful," and she was unable to publish after 1928. Nor did her work find favor with her similarly repressed fellow poets, who were embarrassed by her personal politics of the poet's soul and her straightforward, nonmetaphoric expression of lesbian love and experience. Parnok’s last two collections, Music (1926) and Half-voiced (1928), attracted no notice from the official literary establishment.
During the last five years of her life, Parnok eked out a living doing translations. She was frequently bedridden and wrote poetry exclusively for "the secret drawer." Her isolation from readers and her status as an "invisible woman" in Russian poetry became constant themes in her late and best verse.
In late 1931, she met Nina Vedeneyeva, a physicist. The two middle-aged women fell impossibly in love, and their affair inspired Parnok’s greatest lesbian work, the cycles "Ursa Major" and "Useless Goods." Parnok’s health collapsed under the "passionate burden" of her love affair, and she died after a heart attack in a village outside Moscow on August 26, 1933.
LINKS:
Tatiana Zherebkina - "TO ENVY": MARINA TSVETAYEVA'S PRACTICES OF LOVE
Biography and Chronology Mirror
Poems dedicated to Sophia Parnok - "Girlfriend" by Marina Tsvetaeva in English
Poems and Articles, in Russian ◙ ◙ ◙
Correspondence of Sophia Parnok
"Sophia Parnok – The Life and Work of Russia’s Sappho”, in russian
Books of Poems:
Dedicated to N.P.P.
I’m drunk on your wild caresses, You’ve driven me crazy for you… Just tell me I’ve only been dreaming So I can believe that it’s true.
No, you want to torment me forever – Why shouldn’t you play and have fun; And smiling, you answer, carefreely, “We won’t do again what we’ve done.”
29 August 1902 Rostov-on-Don (Juvenilia) |
Страдая без
конца и без конца любя
Но ты даешь
все упоенья рая,
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Dedicated to N.P.P.
Love’s gone… the tuberoses have expired, You have become cold as ice. To see tears, my tears, that’s your desire, But pride will never let me cry.
In nightime silence, utterly exhausted, Suffering and loving endlessly I curse the day of our first meeting And sob for what you’ve done to me.
But I won’t cry when you are with me. So there! Insult me, beat me and torment, Just hint that I may get a chance to see you, And if you want to, torture me again.
The way you play upon my heartstrings, Sometimes it seems no pity in your dwells; But you give all of paradise’s raptures While with your hand you push me into hell!
29 August 1902 Rostov-on-Don
(Juvenilia - 31) |
Чем холодней
твои посланья,
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Dedicated to N.P.P.
The colder the letters you write, The longer the silence between them, The harder the waiting becomes, The more I’m tormented with love!
The more I give pain to myself, I want not to think and I suffer, I want to forget and remember That marvellous smile of yours!
Your image arises before me… It makes me recall your caresses, It rouses the passion inside me, And I’m more tormented with love.
25 March 1903
(Juvenilia - 42) |
Этот вечер был тускло-палевый, -
Помню руки, от счастья слабые,
Ах, опять подошли так близко вы,
Я сказала: "Во мраке карие
Улыбнулась, - вы не ответили...
5 февраля 1915
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That evening was dimly smoldering – But for me it was a fiery one. On that evening, as you had been hankering, We went out to the “Union”.
I remember your hands, weak from happiness, The veins – networks of navy blue. And my touching your hand was impossible, Both were covered in gloves by you.
Ah, again you approached so close by to me, And again you turned to the side! It was clear to me: words were infindable, Irregardless of how I tried.
And I said: “Your eyes in the gloominess Are deep brown and look remote…” As a waltz played, we watched scenes of Switzerland – In the mountains a tourist, a goat.
Then I smiled – you didn’t respond to me… Don’t we all think that we’re the aggrieved! And so lightly that you wouldn’t notice it, I carressingly smoothed your sleeve.
January (?) February (?) 1915
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Причуды мыслей
вероломных
Тебя учило
безразличье
Безумен
взгляд, тоской задетый,
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A greedy spirit could not conquer Your self-betraying thought’s caprice – And so, from thousands up to hire, One night was given by you to me.
You had tutored by dispassion A brilliant artistry in love. But suddenly, tough used to quarry, Your arms, embracing me, convulsed.
Your eyes are frantic, stung by yearning, Your mouth is grim, clenched jealously, You’re paying fate back for my tardy Arrival by tormenting me. (# 47)
(1916)
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Ни утоленности,
ни жажды
Но необещанным
отрадам
О, нежные
скупые руки,
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Not satiation, not desire Your languorousness bring to mind. To all your speech and gaze are kind, No one and everyone’s my rival.
But to delights that are mere wishes How can dreams not betray me, when You say not to, not yes, but then, Your eyes imprint my mouth with kisses?
O, arms affectionate and prudent, How you protect your indolence… But shadows under your eyes grow dense: ‘Twill be, the hour of love’s torment! (# 48)
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АЛКЕЕВЫ СТРОФЫ
И впрямь
прекрасен, юноша стройный, ты:
Адонис сам
предшественник юный мой!
не ты, о юный,
расколдовал ее.
3 октября 1915
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Alchaen Stanzas
And truly handsome. Shapely young man, are you: Beneath the eyelashes’ fringe two dark-blue suns, and curls, a darkly streaming whirlwind grander than laurel, crown your soft features.
A real Adonis, young precursor of mine! You began the cup which is now passed to me – Pressing the lips of my beloved, With a doleful thought myself I comfort:
Not you, oh young man, unbound the spell on her. Marveling at the flame of her loving lips, Oh, first one, not your enviously, My name shall a lover murmur, praying. (# 53)
3 October 1915
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Всю меня обвил
воспоминаний хмель,
Дивной
жадностью душа была жадна,
Под рукой
моей, окрепшей не вполне,
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All of me is twined in memories’ rapture, I say, as from happiness I weaken: “Lesbos! Source of lyric poetry at the last of Orpheu’s harbors!”
Avid was my soul with wondrous avarice, to the muses we did not give leisure. In that country I was not alone, Oh, my splendid woman-friend and lover!
Underneath my hand, which was not at full strength, You forgave the unfull sound of the lyre, You. Whose languid name inside of me, Like the moon, draws waves upon the shoreline. (# 64)
(1922)
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All the previous poems translated by Diana Lewis Burgin |
Май, в «Русской мысли» опубликовано стихотворение «Чья воля дикая над нами...»
Чья воля дикая над нами колдовала, |
In the July (or May?) 1911 issue of "Russian Thought", was published this poem: Whose strange and savage will has cast a spell on us, at that despondent, that night-time hour deep – was I tormenting fate, was I by fate tormented, who came and stood your life in front of me?
Our hearts are still replete with our night’s madness, but there’s a lifeless wrinkle by your mouth; the needless words we speak are more abrupt and crueller, an emptiness has frozen in your eyes…
Oh ominous design! Paints that have been poisoned! What has the artist of this canvas done to paint two solitary, tragic masks like ours, and merge two strangers’ bodies into one? |
АЛКЕЕВЫ СТРОФЫ
И впрямь прекрасен, юноша стройный, ты: Два синих солнца под бахромой ресниц, И кудри темноструйным вихрем, Лавра славней, нежный лик венчают.
Адонис сам предшественник юный мой! Ты начал кубок, ныне врученный мне,— К устам любимой приникая, Мыслью себя веселю печальной:
Не ты, о юный, расколдовал ее. Дивясь на пламень этих любовных уст, О, первый, не твое ревниво,— Имя мое помянет любовник.
3 октября 1915 |
And you, slender youth, are truly fair: Two blue suns under the spears of lashes, And curls in a dark-streamed whirl, More glorious than laurel, crown the tender face.
Adonis himself is my young predecessor! You started the vial I am given now – Kissing the lips of my beloved I enjoy the dolorous thought:
It was not you, oh youngster, who has set her free from charms. Surprised by the flame of these lovesick lips, Oh first one, not yours with jealousy – My name will her lover recall. (# 53) |
Летят, пылая, облака,
Кто мне промолвил "добрый путь",
Былое ї груз мой роковой ї
31 июля 1915. Святые
Горы. В безмерный час тоски земной... |
All ablaze, the clouds fly by, the sky city lies in ruins. My step is obstinate and light, the wind has spread a wilful windlass.
Who blessed me as I headed off? Who murmured, “Have a happy journey”? Let the winds not cease to blow, to urge me from my threshold.
To the devil for his use I throw the past – my fateful burden. Up above my homeless head blaze on, nomadic heaven! (# 13)
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Смотрят снова глазами незрячими
5 августа 1915. Святые Горы. |
Blindly staring eyes of the Holy Mother and Savior Child. Smell of incense, wax, and oil. Sounds of soft weeping filling the church. Melting tapers held by young, meek women in fists stiff with cold and roughskinned. Oh, steal me away from my death, you, whose arms are tanned and fresh, you, who passed by, exciting me! Isn’t there in your desperate name a wind from all storm-tossed coasts, Marina, named after the sea! (# 9) |
РОНДО
Я вспомню все. Всех дней, в одном
безмерном миге,
Не прихотью ль любви мы вызваны сюда,
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Пусть жатву жалкую мне принесла
страда, |
RONDEAU
I’ll remember everything. In one boundless moment, the obedient herds of all my days will crowd before me. On the paths I’ve trodden I shall not overlook one track, like the lines in my reference book, and to the evil of all my days I shall softly say “yes”.
Are we not summoned here by the whim of love – love, I have not endeavoured to break your chains! And without fear, without shame, without despair I’ll remember everything.
Even if my toil has yielded me a pitiful harvest, and my barns are full of wormwood rather than corn, and even if my god has lied, my fait is firm, I won’t be like some contemptible defrocked monk in that endless moment, the last moment, when I’ll remember everything. (# 42)
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Не придут и не все ли равно мне, ї
Ветер, плакальщик мой ненаемный, |
They won’t come and it’s really no matter, - they’ll recall me in joy or in wrath; in the ground I shall not be more homeless, than I was when I walked on this earth.
And the wind, my unhired mourner, will twirl up over me snowy lees… Oh my path, sorrowful, distant, somber, predetermined uniquely for me (# 147)
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Я не
умерла еще, 7 января 1924 (№ 153)
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I haven’t died yet, I still can sigh, just let me listen to all this quiet, catch this faint babble slipping away, see off this sailboat floating away… Ducklings dive into watery blue, quiet the sandbar, still through and through…
Yesterday’s passing left no regrets. just one more minute, don’t wake me yet. (# 153)
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Ты дремлешь, подруга моя, —
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You sleep, my companion lover, just like a child on the breast of its mother! How sweet: for you to fall asleep, for me to lack strength to awaken,
since, tell me, is this not a dream, this bed abounding in rapture, the sonorous twilight, and you, and you in my peaceful embrace?
Oh delicately winding tendrils on your moist temple! Oh violets! The same as the ones which would bloom for us in our native meadows.
The two of us wove floral wreathes, and where there were wreathes there was singing, and songs, came with bliss… Oh my last, my sweet dream, are you finally asleep?...
Flow gently, Aeolian sky, as you drift and drift above me, keep blazing, last sunset of mine, keep foaming, my ancient wine! (# 67)
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ПЕСНЯ
Дремлет старая сосна 28-29
января 1926
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SONG
Drowsily an aged pine rustles in her sleep. Leaning on her coarse-grained trunk Here I stand and speak. “ little pine-tree, just my age, Give me of your strength! Not the usual nine months, forty years I carried, forty years I had been bearing, forty years I had been begging, begged my heart out, got by pleading, brought to term my soul.” (# 178)
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Ради рифмы резвой не солгу, 17 марта 1926
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I shall not lie to find a lurid rhyme, Honoured master, no harsh words from you: Since the cot your choice has not been mine, I can only do what I can do.
How heartily I thank relentless Fate For the prickly Muse that I’ve been given: The path we walk is ours, though it be strait, She and I aren’t fellow-travelling women.
17 March 1926
Translation from An Anthology of Russian Women’s Writing, 1777-1992, edited by Catriona Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1994 |
Ходасевичу С детства
помню: груши есть такие - 6 мая 1927
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To Khodasevich
A childhood memory: those pears, wrinkled, little, tight, and hidden inside tart flesh that puckered the mouth: exactly so my delight in the bitter shards of your verse.
6 May 1927
Translation from An Anthology of Russian Women’s Writing, 1777-1992, edited by Catriona Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1994 |
Марине Баранович
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To Marina Baranovich
You are young, long-limbed! With such a marvellously molded, winged body! How awkwardly and with such difficulty You drag around your spirit, anguish-stunned!
Oh, I know that spirit’s way of moving Through whirlwinds of the night and ice-floe gaps, And that voice that rises indistinctly, God alone knows from what living depths.
I recall the darkness of bright eyes like those. As when you read, all voices would grow quiet, whenever she, a madman raving verses, with her frenzy would ignite our souls.
How strange that you remind me so of her! The same rosiness, goldenness, and pearliness of face, and silkiness, the same pulsating warmth.
And the coldness of serpentine wiles and slipperiness… But I’ve forgiven her, and I love you, and through you, Marina, the vision of the woman who shares your name.
(# 220)
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Фаина Григорьевна Раневская
Я тебе прощаю все грехи,
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To Faina Grigorievna Ranevskaya
I forgive you almost all your sins Only two of them I can’t allow: Poetry you whisper to yourself, And you kiss out loud.
Sin, have fun, and blossom with the years. Only heed my mother advice – A kiss, my darling, isn’t for the ears, Music, my angel, isn’t for the eyes.
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В ФОРТОЧКУКоленями — на жесткий подоконник, Февраль 1928
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Through a Window-Light
With both knees pressed down on the still, Mouth fixed like a fish’s to the pane, I breathe, ant then breathe in again: So, clinging to life, a body will Suck from a greyish sack: so the heart bounds Insistently: it’s time, it’s time to go! The firmament is heavy on the ground, The night has turned a dirty grey like snow, Grey like this cushion filled with oxygen.
But I’m not dying yet: I’m still Stubborn. I think. And now again The bullying magic syllable Demands its tribute from my life: - The moon is ringed with rusty cloud – And, gazing on the ordered stars, Address the distance in these words:
‘As in a steam-bath dirt evaporates From sweaty skin, so now above the soil Dark thoughts and septic secrets, petty hates Rise in a miasma dense and foul. And though the window’s wide for air I none the less choke on despair. Strange, don’t you think? Ills of all kinds Are treatable; sarcoma, age’s slow decline, Sclerosis… But find the place What might slow down the germ of evil’s race! Kneeling, like this, I’d crawl down rutted lanes Down cratered city streets, if I could go… Go where? Where to? God only knows! Perhaps to a hermitage somewhere, Repent my sins in tears and prayer – Where is Zozima, faith’s defender, Or is the world without end ended?’
It’s light. The houses in the dawn Are bare and thoughtful: high above the roofs The Burning Bush church dome and cross Give off a flat amnd meagre glint; And somewhere in the West, in Paris, in Rome or Hamburg – who cares where? Pressing against the pane for air, Forcing its sour slops past the larynx, Breathing with last reserves of strength, Another stands and weeps and thinks: Not Red, White, Black: a woman or a man, A human being and not a citizen, Like me, perhaps: someone whose life now ebbs In stagnancy, and not in happeness.
February-March 1928
Translation from An Anthology of Russian Women’s Writing, 1777-1992, edited by Catriona Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1994 |
Мне снишься ты, мне снится наслажденье... Баратынский
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I dream of you, I dream of pleasure. - Baratynski
Your eyes are wide open, your mouth clamped shut. And I feeling like shouting at you rudely: “You senseless woman, you! The other way about – Shut, shut your eyes, open your lips to me!”
That’s the way, tormentress… At long last!... Let us not make haste in vain. Leave rushing to the callow youth, in kisses, I’m fond of five-years plans! (# 234)
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Моя любовь! Мой демон шалый! Март 1932 |
Oh my love! My madcap demon! You’re so bony that while eating, a cannibal in search of meat would very likely break his teeth.
But I’m above that sort of crudeness (and besides, I’m somewhat toothless), I won’t tear you all to bits, since I’ll eat you with my lips! (# 241) |
Вижу: ты выходишь из трамвая —
вся любимая, Апрель 1932
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I see: you’re getting off the streetcar – utterly beloved a breeze, an in my heart it breathes you’re - utterly beloved I can’t tear my eyes from you because you’re - utterly beloved! And however did you come to be so - utterly beloved? You, she-eagle from Caucasian glaciers, where in heat it’s cold. You, carrier of a very sweet contagion, who never has a cold. You, beclouder of your lover’s reason with logic clear and cold. All five senses reel from your intoxication - utterly beloved! (# 244)
April 1932
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Прямо в губы
я тебе шепчу — газелы, Октябрь 1932
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Straight between your lips I whisper to you – ghazals With my breath I want to pour you full of – ghazals Ah, how consonant with my obsession – ghazals You, be careful, don’t you dare stop loving – ghazals In midwinter spring is blossoming – ghazals From his sleep a dead man is waked up – by ghazals, When old hops ferment and raise some hell – it’s ghazals, And I celebrate you. my gazelle – with ghazals.
(# 254) October 1932 |
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Unless quoted differently, the translations to English are from “Sophia Parnok – The Life and Work of Russia’s Sappho”, by Diana Lewis Burgin, New York University Press, New York, 1994, ISBN 0-8147-1221-5 |
30-е ИЮЛЯ ОГОРОД Мне снилось: я бреду впотьмах, Вокруг ї ночной пустыней ї сцена.
В начале пятая глава Those poems, here |