6-8-2004
NATALYA GORBANEVSKAYA
Наталья Евгеньевна Горбаневская
(b. 1936 - † 1-12-2013)
GORBANYEVSKAYA, who graduated from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad University in 1964, has worked as an editor of technical information and a translator. Only nine of her poems are known to have appeared (1973) in officially authorized Soviet journals, though her verse has circulated privately and a collection has been published abroad. Gorbanyevskaya has been a leading civil rights activist, one of the seven to demonstrate in Ted Square on 5 August 1968 against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Because of her infant child, she was not tried along with the other demonstrators, and she continued to agitate on their behalf, compiling an account of their trial, Noon (published in England as Red Square at Noon). In December 1969 Gorbanyevskaya was herself finally arrested, and in April 1970 was declared to be suffering from schizophrenia and placed in a psychiatric prison hospital, first in Moscow, then in Kazan, where a course of drug treatment was administered. There has recently been a good deal of agitation in the West about the misuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union as a means of dealing with dissenters, and whether for this reason or for some other, Gorbanyevskaya was released in February 1972. She is now recovering in Moscow from her ordeal. |
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One might suppose that Gorbanyevskaya verse would reflect her political activity. It is, on the contrary, intensely personal and non-public. It transcends politics, not accusing, but describing the psychic reality of her situation. One generation, has had the capacity of transmute her suffering into a universal image. The staccato pulse of her work, the near-hysterical shrillness, recall the poetry of that other poet of suffering, the great Marina Tsvetayeva. In Gorbanyevskaya’s love lyrics, the old Russian mystique of regeneration through suffering is evoked (this appears, less intensely, in Yuli Daniel’s poetry too). Physical love becomes an ordeal like Christ’s on the Cross. Gorbanyevskaya has had the immense courage to remain vulnerable. Hers is the poetry of pain, of separation, of isolation, of despair, of threatening disaster, of disaster present.
Daniel Weissbort in Post-War Russian Poetry, Edited by Daniel Weissbort, Penguin Books, London, 1974, ISBN 0-14042-183-1.
LINKS:
Articles and poems in English |
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Biographies in Russian |
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Poems in Russian |
O | O | O | O | O |
O | O | O | O | O |
Что о беде да что о красоте, Кто плачет и курлычет надо
мной, И в неземной сведенности
страстей, граница света1964 |
Why speak of trouble, or beauty when the happy body, forgetful, naked as the thief’s upon the cross, itself wants to be deceived.
Who weeps, who cries above me, crossing the frontier of snow, where the wintry wind, the icy wind, chills the bright waters of a spring.
And in this unearthly merging of passions, this parting of hands, this rarefied breath, is the cross, the muffled breaking of bones, and at the stake the crackle and the blaze.
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– Не тронь меня! – кричу
прохожим, Но кто пробьет окно в стене? граница света1964 |
“Don’t touch me!” I scream at passers-by – they do not even notice me. Cursing the rooms of other people, I bang about their anterooms.
But who will knock a window through? Who will hold out his hand to me? I am roasting over a slow fire.
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Е.Рейну Шарманка,
пой,
шарманка,
вой, граница света1964 |
To Ye. Rein
Play, barred-organ, wail, stick your head through the ice-hole, in the boarded-up garden the barrel-organ plays once a year. The snow falls, and the ice thaws, and ice-floes on the pond are breaking – the barrel-organ plays once a year. The snow thaws and a dog whines, and I do not try to hide my tears, and I do not wipe my cheeks – and the barrel-organ cries in the wind. Swindle, play the shaman, shout but take all, draw the spirit out. On the boarded-up pond, and in the frozen garden, and in heaven, hell, and everywhere, the barrel-organ plays once a year.
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И вовсе нету ничего – ни
страху, Катись, кудрявая, по скобленым
доскам, слепит глаза начищенная медь, и в сумраке, спросонья или что, потерянный рай1965 |
And there is
nothing at all---neither fear,
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неоконченные стихи А.Рогинскому Уж за полночь, и фонари Ночь соскребла с фасадов год плывет, плывет и вот вплывет и ты очнешься на мосту, потерянный рай1965 |
UNFINISHED POEM
Already past midnight, and every other street lamp burns. Wander about the town until the sun appears at dawn.
Night has erased the year, the age from the buildings’ façades. The town is bleak as a kitchen garden, but the town is like the ark –
floating, floating, now it sails into dawn’s bitterness, and between the windows, at the gates, the age, the date appears,
and on the bridge over the river, you return to yourself, weeping…
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И к сладости дождя примешивая
слезы, и в темных небесах лишь полосы
воды потерянный рай1965 |
And mingling tears with the sweetness of the rain, celebrating with my lips the salt of the eyelashes, I am happy. You are happy? Wake up – the stars are still wrapped in damp clouds,
and in the dark heavens only zones of moisture leave any visible traces, and iniquitous courts have banished the moonlight into distant exile.
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Сверчок поет в Сочельник, в январский понедельник, и звон колоколов плывет среди сугробов, едва-едва затронув их краешки крылом.
Поет сверчок в Сочельник, Зато в углу у печки потерянный рай1965 |
The cricket sings on Twelfth-night, on a January Monday, and the ringing of the bells floats among the snow-drifts, barely, barely touching their edges with its wing.
On Twelfth-night sings the cricket, my chance visitor is silent, and the ringing of the bells drowns in the deep snow, melts in the high sky, in space that is cornerless.
But, in the corner by the stove, like homunculi, the crickets chirp, while all around the ringing melts, and drowns, but touches, in departing, brushes us with its wing.
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Любовь, любовь! Какая дичь, Той песенкой, где, вкось и
вкривь Любовь из каждого угла, потерянный рай1965 |
Love, love! What nonsense it is, what birdbrained idiocy. When it is already too late to spare me or to pity me, then keep silent. Yes. keep silent, do nor inflame my cheeks with that song finches learn by heart to sing.
That song, in which the poet, at random, traducing the theme, cries out, then imitates the clamour of birds, sighs, squeaks, whispers, moves his lips, breaks into the obscure speech of fish – and finally, a subterranean rumble.
Love from every quarter, at best, simply food for verse, for the finch’s foolish song, for the crowing of cockerels. So keep silent. Stop talking, Stroke my cheek with your hand. How hot these fingers are, How low are the ceilings.
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Не потому что ты, не потому что я, а просто выгорала из-под ног земля.
Не потому что
я, не потому что ты, Вчерашний жар с железных крыш спадал, И при разлуке слез не пролилось потерянный рай1965 |
Not because of you, not because of
me, just that
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Любовь проотрицав, и взвидеть света взрыв и моцартовский хор темнота1966 |
Denying love, to be caught in its snare, to lift the dark from words as hands from the face
and to see the light explode over town and forest, like a Kyrie Eleison, like a March-day slogan,
and a Mozart chorus above the roar of drift-ice, like the blissful cold that flows down from the white mountains.
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Здесь, как с полотен, жжется желтый полдень, и самый воздух, как печаль, бесплотен, и в полной тишине летучим войском висят вороны в парке Воронцовском.
Но ветхая листва
из лет запрошлых Я так далёко отошла от дома, темнота1966 |
Here, as in a painting, yellow noon burns, like grief, the air itself is incorporeal, and in the utter silence, a winged army, the crows in Crow Park hover.
But the mouldering leaves of years past cling to my elbows, to the palms of my hands that reek of cigarettes, and the bare shrubbery claws my tangled curls.
I have wandered so far from home, like a plane from its aerodrome, which in dense fog strays into the dark… Am I living, dead, leaves or grass?
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В моем родном двадцатом веке, средь этих гойевских картинок темнота1966 |
In my own twentieth century where there are more dead than graves to put them in, my miserable forever unshared love
among those Goya images is nervous, faint, absurd, as, after the screaming of jets, the trump of Jericho.
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Под
дождь, как под душ для души, темнота1966 |
As under a shower for the soul, lie supine, prostrate in the rain, cease your trembling, do not tremble, do not flutter your eyelash ends, stand still, hold your breath, but sing a long drawn-out song in your heart, already the rain on the roof is like the music of glass, like an animal’s nocturne path, stand still, hold your breath, wait until the torrential rain is experienced through and through, and the shower, the sudden light that shines through a break in the clouds, and alongside the pools the marks of my trembling heels.
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Есть
музыка, а больше ни черта - Да,
чур-чура, на час, на полтора, Но
краткому забвению конец, Звезда с
небес и сладостный сонет - ангел деревянный1967 |
Only music, nothing else, is left – neither happiness, nor peace, nor freedom; in all this glassy sea of suffering the only saving grace is music.
Yes, for an hour or maybe more, where there is neither past nor future, in the depths of winter a flute sings like the woodland oriole of summer.
But this brief moment of oblivion ends, the human bird falls silent and again, barefoot over broken glass, we enter the emptiness, the blizzard and the dark.
A star from the heavens, an enchanting sonnet, nothing will beguile you anymore, and “Sleep peacefully”, you will murmur and silently cry, “There’s no peace left”.
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Что навсегда? Что значит навсегда? В часах античных капает вода, в других пересыпается песок, а мой будильник целится в висок
и пробудит - уж это навсегда - ангел деревянный1967 |
Forever? What does forever means? In an antique clock water drips, in another sand pours, while my alarms levels at my temples
and wakes me – this time it is forever – from the brief dream in colour; me, you, and each of us, my friend, for eternity, for new eternal pains.
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Засмейся,
несгораемая плоть, А кружево
безлунных облаков - Лети,
лети, за облаки, за тень ангел деревянный1967 |
Laugh, uncombustible flesh, laugh loud, plunging into the pool of fire, oh shining bulwark of my soul, joy of this lovely midnight hour.
And this lovely midnight is screened by a lacework of moonless clouds, and the bundle of tear-stained handkerchiefs hangs on the gates of Tsargrad.
Fly, fly, beyond the clouds, beyond the shadow of the sea-wave, beyond the reflected shadow of the fire… My sister, the whole sky is yours… Like leaves, my wings have been shed.
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Как падает затравленный олень, сминая окровавленные травы, так загнанный несется к ночи день, слепой беглец в объятия расправы.
О времена, о нравы! И она, ангел деревянный1967 |
As brought to bay, the deer falls, crushing the blood-stained grass, so the exhausted day rushes towards night. a blind fugitive into reprisal’s arms.
Oh times, oh customs! And she, amidst the deaths, the empty immortalities, forgetting, in her madness, names, rants on of Hamlet or Laertes…
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Вздохнет,
всплакнет валторна электрички, Вспорхнет
и в ночь уносится валторна.
Пустынная, бессонная, пустая, и,
хвостиками, точками, крючками
июль-сентябрь 1970 тюремные стихи |
To I.
Lavrentevaya
13th July - 13th September 1970 Butyrka Prison
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Прощай, прощай, прощай, всегда меня прощай за то, что не могу сказать тебе "прощай",
за то, что не могу Не охну, не очнусь, 1968 стихи, не собранные в книги |
Forgive, forgive, always forgive me that I am not able to say to you, my friend, “goodbye”,
that I am not able to stop myself in mid-flight, to moan and to sigh, and wave my handkerchief.
I do not sigh, I do not wake, I do not remember what the tall grass in the field feels like, or how it tastes.
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Translations by Daniel Weissbort from Post-War Russian Poetry, Edited by Daniel Weissbort, Penguin Books, London, 1974, ISBN 0-14042-183-1.
Кто-то мне звонит, звонит по
ночам, Не спи на закате
СПб.: Лики России, 1996. |
Someone phones, calls me at night. Someone wants to hear my voice, but himself has taken refuge in the receiver, not a sigh, his soul compressed between shoulder and ear..
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Подобрали меня
рифмы в канаве,
Я их, как умела,
держалась, 13 восьмистиший и еще 67 стихотворений
Октябрь 1997 ≈ октябрь 1999. |
from Thirteen Eight-liners
The rhymes picked me in a ditch, shook me a little, bathed me, clothed me appropriately for my age, with means hand-me-downs from other kids, rubbed oil into me, removed the scabs, cleaned me, cleansed me of passions, washed out my ears and my thoughts and all but finished me off.
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Этот стон у нас, этот вопль, называется песнею, Набор
Новая книга стихов.
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This moan of ours, this sob, this cry of a dactylic passage, this howl of the begging mob hungering for Lazarus
is called a song, i.e. verse, and feeds on mildew and crushed glass.
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Чтой-то вы мне, листья, на ухо
щебечете,
те, которые, которых, за
которыми
На любовь заточенный нож держу
за пазухой, гортань…
кларнеть
Почти полное избранное. |
Leaves, something in my ear you twitter hardly audible, you whisper to my cheek, tickle, you’ll not cure my soul’s deafness this way. I’ll not shed tears, remembering those nights
which existed, no more do, and behind which there’s no catching up, even at breakneck speed, neither by express train nor direct, to reach the bare-legged, dewy dawn.
I kept a keen knife, in case of love. I warn the shower: “Don’t!” Leaves, something in my ear you whispered, rustled in under my ribs, tickled the larynx…
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"Судьба детей ее не беспокоит" Эта фраза из акта экспертизы, Хорошо, когда дышат за стеною Хорошо не ощупывать извилин, Не спи на закате:
Почти полное избранное. |
“The children’s fate doesn’t bother me”
This, from the diagnosis, rings out like a silvery clarinet, has lost the colour of danger, but my memory’s not been wiped clean of it.
It’s good when the breathing in the next room is my son’s and not a cell-mate’s; it’s good to wake up, not groaning at an envenomed reality.
It’s good not to feel the brain’s convulsions – has there been a change? – is it yourself, isn’t it?- not settling down to breathe in, from underneath the rubble the dust of what, please God, is irrecoverable.
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Мой Фортинбрас, мой бедный
брат, И вот тебе моя игра, И всё, и всё мое прими. 1962 стрелок из лука |
My Fortinbras, poor brother, behold this, my Denmark, sprung from my side, the very image of me.
And this, my game, behold, now it is yours – the path of virtue, obstacles without end, the mystery of being.
Take all, all that was mine. Or else, stop, wait, and then change your mind. You’re not yet king. Leave now, the drums silent, let this part be.
1962
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The last six poems: Translations by Daniel Weissbort from Russian Women Poets, Modern Poetry in Translation New Series n.º 20, Edited by Daniel Weissbort, Guest Editor Valentina Polukhina, King's College, London, University of London, 2002 ISBN 0-9533824-8-6 |
И, эту
мелодию запев, Но эта
мелодия взошла
Не спи на закате:
Почти полное избранное.
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And, having started singing this melody, we didn’t compose a refrain for it, and when we were led out to be shot, we didn’t feel like it any longer, we stood under the wall, breaking into a sweat, and the wall started sweating after us, and the trembling misty dawn lit up someone else’s triumph.
But this melody went up like a rainbow against the gray vault of the sky, like a stalk breaking through asphalt, like a shower one forgetful Thursday, and the bullet rolled down out of the barrel like a huge teardrop about freedom, and the souls rushed out of our ribs bouncing like a five-kopek piece, upward.
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Это пето на заре завтрашнего утра, на затоптанной золе от любви как будто.
Это пето с холодком, Это пето кое-как, Не спи на закате:
Почти полное избранное.
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This is sung at dawn of tomorrow’s morning on the trampled ashes of love that seemed to be.
This is sung with a chill, as if it’s not hard to light a bonfire in secret and trample it in public.
This is sung any old how, not trying to be in tune, as if life had been a trifle, not a burn-out place.
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The last 2 poems from: Contemporary Russian Poetry, A Bilingual Anthology, Selected, with an Introduction, Translation, and Notes by Gerald S. Smith, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, 1993 ISBN 0-253-20769-X |
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DECEMBER 6, 2016
O my poor Europe’
On August 25, 1968, the seasoned Russian dissident Natalya Gorbanevskaya (1936–2013) – she had helped smuggle Anna Akhmatova’s poems out of Russia and edited the samizdat newsletter Chronicle of Current Events – gathered with six others in Red Square to protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. She alone escaped arrest because she had her three-month-old son with her, but for covering the trial of her fellow-protesters in the Chronicle (articles that were later collected and published in the West under the title Red Square at Noon) she was arrested in December the following year and confined to Butyrskaya prison psychiatric hospital. She was released in February 1972, the year in which Index on Censorship published fourteen of her poems in its first issue and Daniel Weissbort translated and published the first book-length selection of her work. In Weissbort’s view, “it is probably true . . . that political changes in the post-USSR world have . . . rendered her work and that of other emigré poets almost invisible, since the literary world adheres to socio-economic realities”. But he goes on to suggest that although “the threat of official sanction may no longer exist”, her more recent poetry seems “as dedicated to human freedom – in the sense of freedom from political oppression – as it ever was”.
Unusually for a dissident Russian intellectual, Gorbanevskaya does not concentrate purely on the woes of Russians but also considers – as if guiltily – the fate of the countries of central Europe blighted by occupation. In “O my poor Europe”, from Flying Over the Snowy Frontier (1978), the collection on which she was working when she left Russia to settle in Paris, she laments the damage done by Soviet Communism to parts of Europe, seeing its “Charter of Liberties” as pitifully inadequate faced with the more brutal “freedom” of “trucks and armoured cars”. Almost thirty years after the demise of the Soviet Union, when this poem was first published in the TLS, it looks as if Europe’s liberal freedoms – so bravely defended by Gorbanevskaya – may again be facing challenges.
О бедная,
дряхлая, впавшая в детство
ее сочиняли
бароны и эрлы,
О бедная, этот
мой стих надмогильный
твоего,
иссеченного сетью скважин |
O my poor Europe
O my poor, decrepit, lapsing-into-infancy
composed – wasn’t it – by barons and earls
O my poor thing, this my graveside verse
face, etched with a net of slit
Translated by G. S. Smith (1987) |
Expresso n.º 2155, de 15 de Fevereiro de 2014
1936-2013 e 1917-2014 A dissidente soviética e um dos políticos checos que pediram a intervenção da URSS separados pela Primavera de Praga
Natalya Gorbanevskaya e Vasil Bilak
José Cutileiro
Vasi Bilak, secretário-geral do Partido Comunista Checoslovaco em 1968, que morreu no passado dia 6 deste mês, demente, atado à cama pela família, na sua casa de Bratislava, trouxe-me a memória e a vontade de a lembrar aqui Natalya Yevgenyevna Gorbanevskaya, tradutora, poetisa e antiga dissidente soviética que se finou, na posse de todas as suas faculdades mentais, em Paris, onde vivia exilada desde 1975, a 29 de Novembro do ano passado — ele, co-autor com mais quatro altos apparatchiks do seu país de então, a Checoslováquia, dividida entretanto por mútuo acordo em República Checa e Eslováquia (criando provavelmente a única fronteira do continente europeu estabelecida em paz) de uma carta a Leonid Brejnev, secretário-geral do Partido Comunista da URSS, dizendo--lhe que a existência do comunismo no país estava em risco e rogando-lhe que pusesse fim por todos os meios ao seu alcance ao Governo de Alexander Dubcek, responsável por querer estabelecer aquilo a que chamava “o socialismo de face humana” durante curto período de tempo que ficaria conhecido por Primavera de Praga, o que foi rapidamente feito pela invasão do país e a ocupação de Praga por 150.000 soldados do Pacto de Varsóvia, seguindo-se mais repressão a que o regime chamou “normalização” e protestos veementes que televisões ocidentais capturaram, sendo o mais conhecido a imolação suicida pelo fogo na Praça de Venceslau, em Praga, do estudante de filosofia Jan Palach.
A repressão começada por Moscovo e animada por apparacthiks puros e duros locais - o povo chamava-lhes tankies por terem ajudado os invasores - dos quais Bilak, filho de camponeses, aprendiz de alfaiate, com carreira partidária exemplar desde a resistência ao nazismo durante a guerra, foi o mais famoso e infame, continuou até ao colapso do comunismo na Europa de Leste em 1989 que precedeu a dissolução, comandada de cima para baixo por Boris Ieltsin, da União Soviética. Para este, bem diferente do seu sucessor Putin que todavia escolhera com o cuidado de quem escolhe um melão — a supressão da Primavera de Praga era nódoa tão grande na reputação da Rússia que fizera questão de oferecer a Vaclav Havel, Primeiro Presidente da Checoslováquia livre cópia da carta a Brejnev que precipitara a invasão.
Em 1968, na URRS morosa de Leonid Brejnev, ninguém parecia incomodado com o esmagamento da Primavera de Praga, que a propaganda do regime louvava como ajuda fraternal ao heróico povo checoslovaco, vitima de conspiração capitalista. Ou quase ninguém. Ao meio-dia de 25 de Agosto, quatro dias depois da invasão da Checoslováquia, empurrando bebé de três meses num carrinho, Natalya Gorbanevskaya e mais sete pessoas caminharam ate ao meio da Praça Vermelha do Kremlin desfraldaram bandeiras checas e soviéticas e o letreiro “Pela vossa liberdade e pela nossa”. KGB à paisana saltaram-lhes em cima, chamaram-lhes ‘judeus porcos”, prenderam-nos e levaram-nos. Tudo não durou uma hora, mas a notícia correu mundo. Joan Baez escreveu uma canção, Tom Stoppard (checo de nascimento) uma peça de teatro.
Por ter crianças pequenas, Gorbanevskaya, filha de bibliotecária, com poemas aparecidos em revistas, autoridade em literatura polaca, cuja dissidência era bem conhecida pelo seu samizdat ”Crónica do que se vai passando” e não foi presa mas fechada num manicómio, com o diagnóstico de “esquizofrenia latente”, invenção soviética, passando lá mais de dois anos tormentosos. Autorizada a emigrar em 1975, continuou, de Paris a cravar farpas no regime.
Quando este caiu, seguiu-se breve período de gratidão a antigos dissidentes. (E de caça a entusiastas: Bilak pretendeu então que a carta a Brejnev era falsa). Gorbanevskaya recebeu homenagens. Mas os tempos vão mudando. Em Agosto passado, na Praça Vermelha, manifestação em que participava lembrando o 45.º aniversário da Primavera de Praga foi dispersa pela polícia que fez 10 prisões.
Não a levou a ela –vá lá.